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| UN Genocide Convention (1948) |
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-defined "genocide" as acts committed with the intent to destroy on whole or in part a national, ethnic, racial or religious group.
-140 states have ratified it. |
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-debunked the myth that Europe was unified by religion and it began in 1519 marking a rebellion against the roman church's authority.
-started religious conflict in germany (settled by the Peace of Augsberg)
- shattered the belief that the entire Christian world was/or been should have a single political entity. |
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| Legitimate Warfare/ Illegitimate Crimes |
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-distinction made during the PofW.
-warfare by professional warriors undertaken in the interest of states vs. crimes against civilians and social disorder. |
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1555. declared that Lutheran princes could impose their religion on their subjects regardless of the preferences of the Emperor. Led to the conflict that began the 30 years' war.
-legitimized the idea of state sovereignty.
-people can move across borders into a state that shared their religion. |
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-American economist who said: the end of history is: "an end point in the ideological debate about the best form of government and economy had been reached, with liberal capitalism and democracy prevailing throughout the world without serious competition from advocates of either communism or autocracy.
-swift transformations after the collapse of communism signaled "the end of mankind's ideological evolution and the universalization of Western liberal democracy as the final form of government. |
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-Sixteenth century Italian philosopher that contributed to realist thought.
-Realist. Wrote "The Prince." |
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| A collectivity of people who see themselves as members of the same group because they share the same ethnicity, culture, or language. |
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| legal rights and final arbiter among sovereign states. final remedy to defend states against aggression, enforce their rights, or secure their interests. war is a social act, and role it plays in society differs from culture to culture. |
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| don't necessarily follow the old system of state against state for their own well-being. now, war is not the continuation of policy; it is an extension of culture. e.g. terrorists blowing up buildings. |
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| countries that are democratic don't initiate wars between each other. |
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Term
| weapons of mass destruction |
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Definition
| weapons that are capable of inflecting mass casualties non-discriminately |
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| 1789. the ideas of "nation" and "state" are connected. hence, "nation-state." france is an ethnicity as well as a geographic location. |
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-Clausewits's theory
1. Soldiers who fight the wars
2. leaders of states who perpetuate wars
3. populace whose tax and industry finance wars.
- in order to limit the harm to civilians
-remained largely unquestioned until WWI. |
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| persuaded leaders on both sides of the iron curtain of the dangers posed by nuclear weapons in a world where events can spiral out of control. resulted in the establishment of a Moscow-Washington hotline. |
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| Mutual Assured Destruction |
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Definition
| a nuclear attack against one state will result in the utter destruction of that state because of the nuclear capabilities by both states. |
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| (1780-1831) military theorist from Prussia. credited with the idea that war is (should be) an extension of politics. war is a means to achieve the desired ends of a sovereign state. trinitarian model of war. |
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| A paradigm based on the premise that world politics is essentially and unchangeably a struggle among self-interested states for power and position under anarchy, with each competing state pursuing its own national interests. |
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| UN Declaration of Human Rights (1961) |
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Definition
every single person in the world should be guaranteed. The five categories of human rights:
1. Rights of the person
2. Rights associated with the rule of law
3. Political rights
4. Economic and social rights
5. Rights of communities. |
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| the militaries (nuclear arsenals) of two states (USSR and US) ensure that neither state attacks the other because of mutually assured destruction. |
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| -helped to establish the UN genocide convention. trial of German officers and officials who participated in the atrocities of the Holocaust. (similar results as the Tokyo trials) |
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| the use of indiscriminate violence against innocent individuals in an effort to create a climate of fear that encourages other individuals or political actors to yield to the terrorist's demands. (utilized by state and non-state groups). |
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| the process of expanding state power through the conquest and/or domination over a foreign territory. Collect many colonies in order to make the state richer. (Colonialism+imperialism+mercantilism) |
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1648. The treaty that ended the Thirty Year War. Established the principle of state sovereignty.
Rulers refused to recognize the secular authority of the ROman Catholic church, replacing the system of papal governance in the Middle Ages with geographically and politically separate states. |
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| stand-off between USSR and US because of differing political and ideological principals. shaped the 20th century (because of polarization). |
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"International Military Tribunal to the Far East." Tried leaders of Japan for crimes against peace, crimes against humanity, and war crimes.
-established individual responsibilities. verdicts limited state sovereignty. global regulation of violence entered the shielded rebellion of state domestic jurisdiction. |
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| assured nuclear retaliation if attacked. (vital for mutual deterrence- which leads to MAD) |
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| committing violent actions against a state with the intended purpose of affecting change in their actions. |
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| An independent legal entity with a government exercising exclusive control over the territory and population it governs. |
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| 1618-1648. War(s) in Europe, primarily in Germany, was a religious and political conflict between Lutherans (or other protestants) and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire. Also, over the internal politics and balance of power in Europe. Evolved into a general conflict including most of the European powers. |
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| postinternational politics |
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| more of an emphasis on collective, international decision making, as opposed to individual sovereign states making decisions about their role in the international community independently |
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| system of governance before the Westphalian system. Kings ruled over the kingdom, and Lords ruled over large territories of the kingdom (under king), and Vassals controlled the land for the lords and peasants worked the land. (think Samurai in Japan) |
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| A paradigm predicated on the hope that the application of reason and universal ethics to international relations can lead to a more orderly, just and cooperative world; liberalism assumes that anarchy and war can be policed by institutional reforms that empower international organization and law. |
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