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| an index that calculates the true rate of exchange among currencies when parity--when what can be purchased is the same--is achieved; the index determines what can be bought with a unit of each currency |
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| failed states and their characteristics |
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Definition
countries whose governments have so mismanaged policy that their citizens , in rebellion, threaten revolution to divide the country into separate independent states
-strong predicators of failed states are poverty and extreme income and gender inequality
-the failing states most vulnerable to internal rebellion are ruled by corrupt governments widely regarded as illegitimate and ineffective
-democracy generally lowers the risk of state failure, autocracy increases it
-poor democracies are more unstable than poor nondemocracies or rich democracies, and poor democracies that do not improve living standards are exceptionally vulnerable
-population pressures, exacerabted by internally displaced people, refugees, and environmental degradation, contribute to state failure and civil unrest
-governments that fail to protect human rights are especially prone to fail
-state failure and civil war are especially prevalent in the high-risk, weak, and impoverished states of Africa
-so-called petrostates relying on oil and gas for income are shaky, especially if the governing authority is weak and permissive of huge gaps in the distribution of political power and wealth
-states with governments that do not protect freedom of religion are especially prone to fail
-states that have strong rules protecting free international trade gain stability
-the stronger a country's capacity to prevent environmental deterioration, the more likely it is to remain stable
-the existence of a "youth bulge"--a large proportion of young adults in the population--increases the risk of state failure through war because large pools of underemployed youths are easily mobilized into military action |
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| principles about the norms for behavior that should govern actors' interactions |
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| optimists who question limits-to-growth analyses and contend that markets effectively balance between population, resources, and the environment |
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| the acceptance by a neutral state threatened by foreign enemies of a special relationship short of a formal alliance with a stronger power able to protect it from attack |
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| the theoretical postulate that states' foreign policies are determined by their location, natural resources, and physical environment |
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| the maximum number of humans and living species that can be supported by a given territory |
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| transnational organizations of private citizens maintaining consultative status with the UN; they include professional associations, foundations, multinational corporations, or simply internationally active groups in different states joined together to work toward common interests |
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| the "new" liberal theoretical perspective that accounts for the way international institutions promote global change, cooperation, peace, and prosperity through collective programs for reforms |
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| the claiming of common properties by states or private interests |
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| from a french phrase (literally meaning "let do") that Adam Smith and other commercial liberals in the 18th century used to describe the advantages of free-wheeling capitalism without government interference in economic affairs |
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| a concept recognizing that environmental threats to global life systems are as dangerous as the threat of global armed conflict. |
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| an index that uses life expectancy, literacy, average number of years of schooling, and income to assess a country's performance in providing for its peoples' welfare and security |
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| legal authority granted to an IGO by its members to make collective decisions regarding specified aspects of public policy herertofore made exclusively by each sovreign government |
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| the hypothesis that leaders sometimes initiate conflict abroad as a way of increasing national cohesion at home by diverting national public opinion away from controversial domestic issues and internal problems |
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| combat between the military forces of two or more states or groups |
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| a biological category of species having common characteristics that kills species other than members of their own species |
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| capital mobility hypothesis |
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| the proposition that the massive movement of investment capital across state borders has led to the globalization of finance |
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| economic growth that does not deplete the resources needed to maintain life and prosperity |
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| communist theory of imperialism |
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| the Marxist-Leninist economic interpretation of imperialist wars of conquest as driven by capitalism's need for foreign markets to generate capital |
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| organizational objectives |
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| -terrorists objectives related to obtaining resources such as robbing a bank or taking hostages |
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| the provision of sanctuary to safeguard refugees escaping from the threat of persecution in the country where they hold citizenship |
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| civil wars and their characteristics |
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Definition
wars between opposing groups within the same country or by rebels against the government
-ethnic groups seeking greater autonomy or striving to create an independent state for themselves
-internal battles fought to gain control of an existing state
-religious conflicts involving especially intrareligious armed disputes between two or more sects of the same religion
-failed states, where the authority of a national government has collapsed and armed struggle has broken out between the competing ethnic militias, warlords, or criminal organizations seeking to obtain power and establish control over the state
-impoverished states, where there exists "a situation of individual hardship or severe dissatisfaction with one's current situation and the absence of any nonviolent means of change
-low income countries face the greatest threat of civil war--15 times that of high-income ones
-frequently start or re-initiate and last a much longer time
-generally more severe than regular wars and marked by a very high rate of violence, casualties, and child involvement "the most savage conflict occurs at home"
-state-sponsored terrorism is common
-resist negotiation--people driven by such strong hatred for the other groups are unlikely to accept a simple resolution, they desire decisive victory |
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| a metaphor widely used to explain the impact of human behavior on ecological systems, that explains how rational self-interested behavior by individuals may have a destructive collective impact |
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| a group of states whose high level of institutionalized or customary collaboration results in the settlement of disputes by compromise rather than military force |
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| a community that embraces shared norms and ethical standards to collectively manage problems without coercion and through peaceful and democratic procedures for decision making aimed at improving human wellfare |
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| the process of clearing and destroying forests |
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ex: bombing a market to make a scene
goal is to show that a group (terrorist) is willing t use force to achieve goals
(no killing) |
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| the creation of deserts due to soil erosion, overfarming, and deforestation, which converts cropland to nonproductive, arid sand |
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| the proposition that under conditions of globalization the depletion of one country's currency reserves panics investors worldwide and spreads like a contagious disease to other countries, which witness the decline of their own currency reserves as the flight of capital also reduces the value of their currency |
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| an unmanaged process in which governments neither establish an official rate for their currencies nor intervene to affect the value of their currencies, and instead allow market forces and private investors to influence the relative rate of exchange for currencies between countries |
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| the physical and organic characteristics and resources of the entire planet--the air in our atmosphere and conditions on land and sea on which all human life depends and which is the common heritage of all humanity |
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| the attempt to eliminate, in whole or in part, an ethnic, racial, religious, or national minority group |
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| the increasing transnationalization of national markets through worldwide integration of capital flows |
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| a system based largely on globalized electronic debt and credit transfers |
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| the revised functional theory explaining that the IGOs created by states to manage common problems provide benefits that exert new pressures by political means for further political integration, the creation of additional IGOs, and the globalization of international relations in an expanding network of independence that reduces states' incentives to wage war |
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| how political actors influence perceptions of, and policy responses to, changing environmental conditions, such as the impact of carbon dioxide emissions on the temperature of the earth |
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| a condition arising within states (civil war) or between states (interstate war) when actors use violent means to destroy their opponents or coerce them into submission |
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| the relationship between geography and the economic conditions and behavior of states that define their levels of production, trade, and consumption of goods and services |
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| the protection received by a weak ally when a heavily militarized great power pledges to "extend" its capabilities to it in a defense treaty |
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| the rate at which one state's currency is exchanged for another state's currency in the global marketplace |
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| attacks on an adversary's telecommunications and computer networks to degrade the technological systems vital to its defense and economic well-being |
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| the integration of states, through increasing contact, communication, and trade, to create a common culture for all humanity |
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| institutions created and joined by states' governments, which give them authority to make collective decisions to manage particular problems on the global agenda |
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| the political rights and civil liberties recognized by the international community as inalienable and valid for individuals in all countries by virtue of their humanity |
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| criteria for evaluating right and wrong behavior and the motives of individuals and groups |
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| pessimists who warn of the global ecopolitical dangers of uncontrolled population growth |
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| premeditated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational or transnational groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience |
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| an economic theory advocating free markets and the removal of barriers to the floe of trade and capital as a locomotive for prosperity |
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| the process by which people learn to accept the beliefs, values, and behaviors that prevail in a given society's culture |
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| killing members of one's own species comprising related organisms or populations potentially capable of cross-breeding |
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| inequality between the wealth and status of individuals and groups, and the outrage of those at the bottom about their perceived exploitation by those at the top |
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| the rate at which one state's currency is exchanged for another state's currency in the global marketplace |
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| discord, often arising in international relations over perceived incompatibilities of interest |
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| punitive actions (short of military force) by one global actor against another to retaliate for its previous objectionable behavior |
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| differences between men and women in opportunity and reward that are determined by the values that guide states' foreign and domestic policies |
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| a system under which states establish the parity of their currencies and commit to keeping fluctuations in their exchange rates within narrow limits |
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| the selling of one currency (or product) and purchase of another to make a profit on changing exchange rates; traders ("arbitragers") help to keep states' currencies in balance through their speculative efforts to buy large quantities of devalued currencies and sell them in countries where they are more highly valued |
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| the theory that war is likely when a dominant great power is threatened by the rapid growth of a rival's capabilities, which reduces the difference in their relative power |
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| the suspicious dislike, disrespect, and disregard for members of a foreign nationality, ethnic, or linguistic group |
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| people who flee for safety to another country because of a well founded fear of political persecution, environmental degradation, or famine |
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| the view that the unavailability of resources required to sustain life, such as food, energy, or water, can undermine security in degrees similar to military aggression |
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| the processes for determining the rate at which each states' currency is valued against the currency of every other state, so that purchasers and sellers can calculate the costs of financial transactions across borders such as foreign investments, trade, and cross border travel |
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| a place of refuge and protection |
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| the variety of plant and animal species living in the earth's diverse ecosystems |
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| brutal and savage acts against targeted citizen groups or prisoners of war, defined as illegal under international law |
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| international monetary system |
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| the financial procedures used to calculate the value of currencies and credits when capital is transferred across borders through trade, investment, foreign aid, and loans |
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| armed conflict between belligerents of vastly unequal military strength, in which the weaker side is often a non-state actor that relies on unconventional tactics |
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Definition
- we rarely have interstate wars in recent past, mostly civil wars. Mutually Assured Destruction, and the democratic process,
- proportion of countries engaged in wars has declined
- most wars now occur in global south, home to highest numbers of states, with largest populations, least income and least stable
- the goal of waging war to conquer foreign territory has ceased to be a motive
- wars between the great powers are becoming obsolete; since 1945 the globe has experienced a long peace – the most prolonged period in modern history (since 1500) in which no wars have occurred between the most powerful countries. |
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Definition
| – disorienting target population, inflating perceived power of dissident group, wringing concessions from authorities, goading gov into adopting repressive policies to drive ppl to their side |
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