Term
Three meanings for the word "media" |
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Definition
- Distribution channel (TV, radio, Internet)youtube is a distribution channel
- Communication channel (Phone, fax, SMS, IM, Internet)
- Content Storage (record, tape, diskette, hard drive, SDD.)
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new media and old media converging together, music and video connecting together; computers are used to watch films and to talk with each other (skype.) We use the same device for reading news, listening to music, watching shows/movies, talking on the phone, etc. |
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Term
Examples of New media is digital media
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MP3’s, Internet, IM/chats, video calling, email, DVD, TV, film. |
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Vinyl records, video tapes (VHS), cassettes, books, etc. |
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Term
Two connections between old media and new media: |
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- Nostalgia (e.g. Instagram, tape cassette iPhone covers, etc.)
- Metaphors, e.g.: Timecode vinyl records (also nostalgic, and physical), "scratching" controllers, menus, buttons, files, folders, etc.
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| What is the Relationship between old and new media: |
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for example, an image used to be something one gazed at, rather than interacted with; it was a single scene. Today, an image can be interactive, it can contain a hyperlink that will take you to another page, or will change what you are seeing. In principle, it’s still an image, but in reality, it has many sublevels that can be interacted with (like a desktop icon.) Old media is simply a representation of visual reality, and new media is numerical data. |
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Examples of Digital Media |
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Definition
- Multimedia CD-ROMs
- Computer Games
- Digital video and audio editing
- Reality TV
- Instant Messaging
- Blogs and the relationship to journalism
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what goes in (like a keyboard, because what is type goes in.) |
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| what goes out (like printing onto paper, speakers/headphones, the computer screen, etc.) |
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| cameras, microphones, scanners – they are slowly becoming user-interface devices (input.) |
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| how the system stores the data. |
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| saves during the time of usage, but when you turn the system off, it disappears. |
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| when you turn the system off, it stays. |
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the first kind of storage device. It is a small cardboard card with holes punched in it, and every hole has a meaning. For example: you can punch when you come in to work (sign in), and when you leave work (sign out.) The punch card is later scanned through a machine with pins and circuits. Wherever there's a hole on the card, the circuit closes and checks if someone was late. The earliest computer used this concept. Advantage of punch cards compared to other storage devices – it's permanent and you can't accidently erase it.. |
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Magnetic tape (reels and cassettes): |
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| they are magnetic indicators that have data on them as files. Advantage; they are small and can contain more data. Disadvantage; sequential storage. |
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| more storage - instead of one disc, there are lots of them on top of each other and they are denser, bigger files can be read faster. |
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| like a magnetic tape on a flat disk. Advantage; random access |
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| uses laser instead of magnetic head. Advantage; can store a lot more, portable Disadvantage; can only store once.. |
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Flash Memory / Solid State Drives (SSD): |
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| Latest kind of storage. No rotating parts, based on electric charge inside the system. Advantage; much faster memory, takes much less energy (like USB drives.) |
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| The differences between Hard Disks and SSD: |
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Definition
| Hard disks contain spinning disks and movable read/write heads, while SSDs use microchips that retain data in non-volatile memory chips, and contain no moving parts. Compared to hard disks, SSDs are typically less susceptible to physical shock, are silent, have lower access time and latency, but are more expensive per gigabyte (GB). SSDs use the same interface as hard disk drives, thus easily replacing them in most applications. |
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| you can get to anywhere in the media immediately (like jumping to the desired track on a CD.) |
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| you can only get to another point in the media by going through other sequential points (like fast-forwarding a cassette tape.) |
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| an organized pattern that allows you to access media randomly (like chapters on a DVD, or of a book.) |
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| An electronic device used for storage of data and calculation upon the same data |
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| A "thinking" machine: deciding logic and mathematics with an automatic device: Theoretical idea of a machine that can do calculations; basis of all computers today. He was gay and they put him in trial, because it was illegal in Britain at the time. He had to decide between prison and hormone cure. He took the cure but killed himself after. |
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| 1937- Based on Turing's research, a set of machines were built that enabled the British to read Nazi codes and military communication. It was basically an infinite tape with letters. |
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| 1946 - electronic, numerical integrator and calculator. Took Turing's idea and built the first machine that could calculate numbers; worked on switches and wires. To change something you had to change the wires. It used punch cards to store memory. |
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| Mainframes: the IBM 700 series |
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| 1950’s - First commercial computer. Very few places in the world had one, fit into a whole building. Only big groups/corporations like NASA had them. They used typewriters to input information, and stored data (output) through magnetic tapes. |
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| Industrial business machine |
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| 1965 - First general purpose computer. It could convert numbers into letters, did not have a screen. Information was stored on magnetic tapes. This computer was still in use in the 90's. It had sequential access. It was a big seller: every university and military had one. |
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| 1960 - Digital Equipment Corporation - first personal computer. It was much smaller, less complicated. For the first time, computers were personal things. It had a screen, it had a computer game on it; first computer that played music. |
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| 1965 - minicomputer that used “flip-chip” modules (individual diode chips.) UNIX system was written on PDP-7, as the operating system for a computer game about space and planet motion. |
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| 1970 – Transmitters became really small and cheap. Only 15 years earlier a computer had to fill up an entire room. |
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| 1975 – microcomputer that was sold by mail order, as assembly-kits to hobbyists – ended up being a commercial success; appealed to individuals and businesses. Paper tape storage. |
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| 1976 - First home computer, experimental, sold in an assembly kit, wasn't a big success. Apple 1 was the first apple computer made for private people at home. You couldn’t buy it in a store. You had to order it and build it yourself with all the components. |
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| 1977 - game console. It was much more successful than the Apple I. It was a computer game that people brought to their home. |
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| 1982 - It was sold as a computer, not as a game. Problem: you couldn’t pirate games so you had to buy them all, and you couldn’t save a game (ROM = read only memory.) Commodore also had a tape recorder. Sequential access, storage was through magnetic tape (cassettes.) |
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| 1981 - was more for offices. Random access, introduction of the floppy disk (RAM) to store data. |
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| 1983-looked a lot like the previous one, but the difference is that this one had a hard disk (first computer to have one.) |
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| 1963 - It was the first graphic machine. You could draw on the screen (basically a “touch screen”.) First graphic user interface. |
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| 1982 - Graphic interface and idea of mouse, cursor, but it was a research idea not a commercial product. It invented basically all the things we nowadays have on our computer (concept of windows in a computer, folders, documents with graphics, different size texts, etc.) |
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| 1984 - first commercially produced computer that had a graphical user interface. All of the ideas of Xerox star, but put into a commercial product. |
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| Difference between Apple I and Apple Macintosh |
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Definition
| Apple I was the first personal computer for at-home use, but wasn’t a big success. Apple Macintosh was the first real product that had a graphical user interface. |
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| 1990 - it was the first widely successful version of Windows, and a rival to Apple Macintosh on the GUI front. Text-mode programs written for MS-DOS could be run within a window, making it usable for multitasking. |
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the building blocks of digital media
They are either 0 or 1
they have no weight and travel at the speed of light |
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| How many numbers can X bits represent? |
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| Bytes: 8 bits, 265 different numbers |
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| represented in binary code (1’s and 0’s: 0, 1, 10, 11, 100, 101, 110, 111, 1000, etc.) |
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| Reason why bits are represented as binary codes: |
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Definition
computers can work much simpler because all they need to know is how to work with those two numbers; you can represent any number with the 1’s and 0’s.
On or off; 1 or 0. |
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| Benefits of physical media |
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Definition
Easily annotated
Tactile and sensory: engages all the senses
High-contrast and easy to read
Portable [to a certain extent]
Non-distracting / easy to focus
Reliable [to a certain extent]
Visible - promoting and sharing |
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| Benefits of digital media |
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Searchable
Context can be looked up (dictionary, wikipedia)
Flexible: the principle of variability
Easily transferrable ("bits are not stopped at customs")
Portable in large amounts
Reliable if distributed
Error correction / Compression |
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| The benefits of digital media: |
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Definition
| With digital file, it is visible so you can actually see what you are doing. You can also very easily manipulate them. A computer can just make up the numbers, and then you can make the sounds. For instance, a computer can put in different drum beats during a musical piece - with digital files, you can use the power of the internet (everybody can record, share, etc.) |
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