• multicellular animals
• Their body plan eventually becomes fixed develop, some undergo a process of metamorphosis later life.
• Most animals are motile,  can move spontaneously and independently.
• Most animals are also heterotrophs, they  ingest other organisms for sustenance.

• using only specifically chosen derived characters
• generalized of evolutionary relationships
• development of cladogram; no ancestor-descendant relationships hypothesized;
• no time dimension
• identifies species that are closely related

• using potentially all homologous characters
• generalized of evolutionary relationships
• development of phylogenetic chart showing relationships through time

• Homologous traits
• Ancestral derived traits
• Shared derived traits

• are traits been around for a long time.
• character seen in two organisms is inherited in both of them from a distant ancestor

• traits which are recent.
• relating to specific character traits shared in common between two life-forms
• and considered the most useful for making evolutionary interpretations.

• Time;
• chart showing evolutionary relationships determined by evolutionary systemics
• contains a time component and implies ancestor-descendant relationships.

• No time;
• chart showing evolutionary relationships determined by cladistic analysis;
• based solely on interpretation of shared derived characters;
• contains no time component and does not imply ancestor-descendant relationships.

• A group of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring.
• members of one species are reproductively isolated from members of all other species. (can't mate w/them to produce fertile offspring).

• Process by which a new species evolves from an earlier species.
• Speciation is the most basic process in macroevolution.

Recognition Species Concept

(mate recognition and breeding)

Ecological Species Concept

(based on ecological separation)

• Splitting many populations into separate species based on an identifiable parental pattern of ancestry.

members of a species are separated w/perhaps a different food source so they    evolve separately/differently; therefore, a different/separate class of species is created.

• Variation (e.g., individual variation) 
• Systematic variation (e.g., age differ's)
• Sexual Dimorphism

• Endotherms--metobolic, heat w/in
• Heterodant--4 kinds of teeth--insisors, canines, premolars, molars
• Diphyodant dentition--milk teeth, permanent teeth and if you have health care dentures.

• Ectothermic--exposure to sun, east side.
• Homodant dentition--all teeth same, simple, pointed structures.
• Polyphyodont dentition--teeth fall out, break, grow back.

• referring to characters that are modified from the ancestral condition
• and thus are diagnostic of particular evolutionary lineages.

• states that the earth's crust is a series of gigantic moving and colliding plates
• movement of continents on sliding plates of the earth's surface.
• earth shifted during last several hundred million years.

225 mya - 200 mya

Paleozoic era

single, colossal mass

• egg-laying mammals--monotremes
• pouched mammals--marsupials
• placental mammals--

Subclass Protherian Mammals

Subclass Therian Mammals

• Monotremes or egg-laying mammals
• Mammals that produce live young

• Infraclass Metatheria
• marsupial
• born extremely immature
• complete development continues in pouch of mother.

• Infraclass Eutheria
• First placental mammals appear in late Mesozoic era
• 70 mya

• Galapagos Finches, one species, from So. America, evolving into 13 species
• underwent change microenvironment 
• The relatively rapid expansion and diversification of life forms into new ecological niches

• refer to adaptive potential of a particular trait
• a trait that's adapted for manyfunctions is said to be generalized
• can provide the fexible evolutionary basis for rapid diversification.

• limited to a narrow set of functions
• limit to types of foods
• limits to environments
• leads to extinction

Rates of Evolutionary Change

Phyletic gradualism

• that change accumulates gradually in evolving lineages.
• complete fossil record, would display a series of forms w/finely graded transitional differences between ea. ancestor and its descendant

Rates of Evolutionary Change

Punctuated equilibrium

• The concept that evolutionary changed proceeds through long periods of stasis punctuated by rapid periods of change
• that an additional evolutionary mechanism is required to push the process along.
• speciation major influence in bringing about rapid evolutionary change.

• carnivore--meat              gen/spe
• omnivore--everything       gen
• herbivore--grasses          gen/spe
• insectivore--decayed       gen/spe
• fruitivore--fruits            gen/spe
• folivore--foliage             gen/spe   

• orangutans
• chimps/bonobos          Great apes
• gorillas
• gibbons                       Lesser apes
• siamang

• based on phenotypes, outward appearance
• Caroleus Linnaeus

• charles darwin introduced
• Cladistics--closely related species, no time
• Evolutionary Systematics--identifies relationships between organisms, time and constructing phylogenetic tree, or phylogram measure