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Study and Texts: Acronym for Torah, Nevi'im, and Keuvim |
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Study and Texts: Orthodox- divine dication Conservatives- inspired Reform- man-made |
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Study and Texts: a.k.a. Pentateuch Five books of Moses |
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Study and Texts: Tanakh Prophets: e.g. Joshua, Samuel, Isaiah, etc... |
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Study and Texts: Tanakh Writings: e.g. Psalms, Proverbs, Esther, Ruth, Daniel, etc... |
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Study and Texts: Oral Torah Exegesis, both homiletic and legal (halakhah) Perfect text: omnisignifcance, reconcile differences Commentary; particular exegetical comment Refers to a method of exegesis of a biblical text |
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Study and Texts: Oral Torah 200 CE- Judah the Patriarch First code of Jewish law, no sources (justification) for rules, multiple opinions recorded First important work of Rabinic Judaism |
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Study and Texts: Oral Torah 500 CE: commentary on Mishnah Contains rabinical analysis and commentary on its predecessor, the Mishnah |
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Study and Texts: Oral Torah Talmud = Mishnah + Gamara (Babylonia, Israel) record of rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs, and history |
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Study and Texts: Oral Torah Exposition of Talmudic material Reconciliation of differences, unify the text Medieval codes: Maimonides (12th cent), Abra'ah Turim (14th cent), Shulchan Arukh (16th cent.) Need to apply to commentary Conditions requires newer texts |
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Study and Texts: Oral Torah responsa- application of ancient rules to contemporary situations |
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Study and Texts:Torah li-shmah Also a religious obligation: connect to chain part of peoplehood as well as orignial revelation |
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Jews and Others: Judeophobia- social irrational fear of Jews happened almost as soon as in Diaspora |
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Jews and Others: Gospels- Luke-Acts is anti-Jewish Supercessionism- old replaced by new identity of self over against Jews |
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Jews and Others:Christian anti-Judaism belief that Jews kidnapped and killed Christian children. Drank blood of child at Passover meal. |
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Jews and Others:Christian anti-Judaism England (1290) Spain (1492)- primarily to protect new Christains from lapsing back into Judaism Portugal (1497) |
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Jews and Others:Christians and anti-Judaism Belief that Jews would steal the wafers and re-crucify the Host |
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Jews and Others:Anti Defamation League fighting antisemitism as a source of Jewish identity the aim is to bring an end to the world's antisemitism What bind the Jewish people is that they are hated by antisemites |
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Zionism: Dreyfus- assimilated French Jew subject to antisemitism Involved the wrongful conviction for treason of Capt. Alfred Dreyfus |
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| List 4 types/categories of Zionism |
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Zionism: 1.) political- Herzl- political solution to a political problem 2.) Cultural- Ahad Ha'am- must have own culture 3.) Labor/Socialist/Utopian- Kibbutz; work the land 4.) Religious- Rabbi Kook |
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Zionism:Herzl A political solution to a political problem- antisemitism |
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Zionism:Ahad Ha'am If a nation doesn't have its own culture then it will forever be dependent on another culture. Promoted a Jewish Renaisance |
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| Labor/ Socialist/ Utopian Zionism |
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Zionism: The Kibbutz Work the land- this is where human dignity lies |
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Zionism:1948 Israel allied with France and Britain agains the Arabs |
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Denominationalism: Emancipation " to the Jews as individuals- everything; to the Jews as a nation- nothing" |
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| Denominations (American): change in law |
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Denominationalism: Reform and Conservative- acknowledge that Halakah changes NeoOrthodox and Orthodox: believe that Halakah is binding |
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Denominationalism:Conservative Jewish Theological Seminary |
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Denominationalism:Ultra-Orthodox Rejected Emancipation |
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Denominationalism:Reconstructionist Wanted to encourage an "American-Jew" identity Personalizing liturgy |
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| Sources of Jewish identity |
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Contemporary Judaism: Holocaust, Zionism, ethnicity |
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Contemporary Judaism:Organizations American Jewish Committee Aim is to rally all sections of American Jewry to defend the rights of Jews all around the world |
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| Jewish-Christian relations |
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Contemporary Judaism: WWII- turning point for inter-faith dialogue Rise of mainline Protestant denominations Civil Rights Movement Vatican II |
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Jews and others: Chistianity and anti-Judaism St. Augustine- jews are to be treated as second class citizens Show people that if you don't accept Christ then this is what happens to you |
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Jews and others:Christianity and anti-Judaism Meant murder or forced baptism to Jews |
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Jews and others:Christianity and anti-Judaism pogrom- organized riots accompanied by murder and pillage of the Jewish community Today refers to any murduous antisemitic attack |
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Jews and others:Holocaust Name given to enclosed areas in many European cities where Jews were forced to live until the twentieth century and during the Holocaust |
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| "Protocols of the Elders of Zion" |
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Jews and others: Most famous antisemitic document in history Is a forgery Purports to be minutes of a secret meeting of world Jewish leaders who are conspiring to take over the world |
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Jews and others:Holocaust Deprived Jews of German citizenship Declared marriages and sexual relations between Jews and Germans illegal |
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Jews and others:Holocaust "Never again"- will they allow the Holocaust to happen |
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Zionism: 132-135 CE Revolt against Rome Led by Simeon Bar-Kokhba 50% of Judeah's population died |
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Zionism:1626-1676 Believed to be messiah by many in Medieval Jewry Devastation- converted to Islam |
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Zionism: 1.) Independence (1948) 2.) Sinai (1956) 3.) 6 Day(1967) 4.) Yom Kippur (1973) 5.) Lebanon (1982) 6.) Intifada I, II |
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Zionism:1973 Started on Yom Kippur Israel victory |
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Zionism:1967 Result- Jewish state increasted to be four times as large Israel victory |
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Zionism:1982 Remains most controversial conflict in Israel's history Israel didn't succeed in destroying the PLO |
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Zionism: the Arab uprising Palestinian uprising against Israeli military occupation in the Gaza strip First Intifada (1987-1993) Second Intifada (began in Sept. 2000) |
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Denominationalism: Reform- Radical Wanted the practice of circumcision abolished Called it a "barbaric bloody right" |
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Denominationalism:Reform Reform adhere to traditional monotheism God's primary demand of human beings is ethical behavior |
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Denominationalism:Reform Leading 19th century figure in Reform movement Established Hebrew Union College in Cincinnati |
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Denominationalism:Reform (1885) Only Torah's ethics and not rituals are binding "mission of Israel"- bring about a universal morality Denied Jewish peoplehood |
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Denominationalism:Reform (1937) Reform movement acknowledged that Jews were a people |
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Denominationalism:Reform Union of American Hebrew Congregations Supports Reform congregations in North America |
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Denominationalism:Reform Hebrew Union College- established by Isaac Mayor Wise Broadest based rabbinical school in the world |
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Denominationalism:Reform Reform decision to regard a child as jewish on the basis of patrilineal descent |
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Denominationalism:Conservative "Catholic Israel"- Traditions and observances are important because the majority of the Jews throughout the world had hallowed them through centuries of observance 1902- Head of JTS |
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Denominationalism:Modern Orthodox Hirsch full-time elementary and high schools where students spend approximately half of the day in Jewish studies and half in general studies |
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Denominationalism:ultra-Orthodox rebbe-leader Yiddish- primary language women and men are separate in worship |
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| mystical understanding of observance |
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Denominationalism:Ultra-Orthodox Attempt to know God's essence |
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| "Judaism as Civilization" |
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Denominationalism:Reconstructionist title of Mordecai Kaplan's most important book Kaplan rejected the belief in transcenden god and that Jews are God's chosen people |
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Denominationalism:Reconstructionist Kaplan celebrated 1st bat mitzvah with his daughter |
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Denominationalism:Modern Orthodox "Shift to the right" Best known Orthodox rabbinical seminary in the US |
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Denominationalism:Reconstructionist Reconstructionist Rabbinical College Reformed some of Kaplan's thought -accept notion of personal God -recite blessings about choseness |
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| Society for the Advancement of Judaism |
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Denominationalism:Reconstructionist First reconstructionist synagogue Founded by Kaplan |
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shift from the God-idea to personal God |
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Denominationalism:Reconstructionist Kaplan initially rejected concept of a personal God Later reconstructionists however accepted it |
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Contemporary Judaism: (Jewish mysticism) Applies to a whole range of Jewish mystical activity Zohar- most famous work of kabbalah |
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Contemporary Judaism:Organizations American Israel Public Affairs Committee Goal- safeguard Israeli interests on all issues that come before the American congress and the White House |
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Contemporary Judaism:Organizations Hillel Largest fraternal Jewish organization Funds Hillel- ministers to needs of Jewish college students |
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Contemporary Judaism:Organizaitons The National Jewish Center for Learning and Leadership 1.) for lay Jews- coordinates adult education classes and seminars 2.) for rabbis- forums for rabbis to engage in dialogue |
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Contemporary Judaism:Organizations Hadassha women- largest Jewish organization in American history Hadassah Hospital- meets health needs of both Jews and Arabs in Palestine |
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Contemporary Judaism: movement that encourages non-religious Jews to become religious |
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Jews and Others: Holocaust Nazi Germany's project of humiliating and physiclaly exterminating the 'Jewish race' |
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Zionism: Some orthodox Jews deny Israel- they say that it must be initiated by the messiah |
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Zionism: Rabbi Kook See modern Israel as the fulfillment of biblical prophecy |
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Denominationalism: Central Conference of American Rabbis Affirmed patrilineal descent |
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Zionism: 1993 in Oslo, Norway Israel agreed to hand over power of the Gaza strip to Palestine. |
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Zionism: Peace At a peace ralley, Rabin was killed by a fellow Jew who strenuously opposed Rabin's siging of the Oslo Accord. |
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Jews and Others: Christian anti-Judaism Christians say that the Jews killed Christ |
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Jews and Others: Post-emancipation Mostly racial in nature |
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Jews and Others: Christian anti-Judaism Middle Ages Formal disputations set up between rabbis and priests |
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Study and Texts: oral tradition received in conjunction with the written Torah |
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Contemporary Judaism: embraces a human-centered philosophy that combines the celebration of Jewish culture and identity with an adherence to humanistic values and ideas offers a nontheistic alternative in contemporary Jewish life |
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Zionism: 1956 Military attack on Egypt from Britian, France, and Israel |
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