Term
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Definition
| Groups of cells that interact and provide a specific function ex: Blood, muscle, bone |
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Term
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Definition
| Consists of two or more tissues that interact and function as a unit |
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Term
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Definition
| Developed the skin and nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| Developed into digestive tract, liver, and lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| Developed into muscles, bones, reproductive, and more |
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Term
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Definition
| Consists of ground substance and fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| Mixture of water, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids; may be solid, liquid, rubbery; often contains fibers, most abundant is collagen |
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Term
| Why won't cells survive when removed from the extracellular matrix? |
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Definition
| Proteins in the cell membrane bind to the matrix and to the cytoskeleton inside the cells |
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Term
| What does the extracellular matrix look like in epithelial, muscle, connective, and nervous tissues? |
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Definition
| Epithelial/Muscle-Very minimal, Connective-Occupies more volume than the cells and defines properties of tissue, Nervous-Watery and indistinct |
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Term
| What are the functions of epithelial tissue? |
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Definition
| Cover interior and exterior surfaces of organs, protection; secretion; absorption; form glands |
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Term
| What is the function and loction of simple squamous tissue? |
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Definition
| Allows substances to pass by diffusion and osmosis, in lining of blood vessels, alveoli of lungs |
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Term
| Function and location of simple cuboidal cells |
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Definition
| Secretes and absorbs sustances, in glands and lining of kidney tubules |
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Term
| Function and location of simple columnar |
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Definition
| Secretes and absorbs substances; sweeps egg along uterine tube, lining of digestive tract, bronchi, uterine tubes, may be ciliated |
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Term
| Function and location of stratified squamous |
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Definition
| Protects areas subject to abrasion; prevents water loss and infection; outer layer of skin, lining of body openings |
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Term
| Function and location of stratified cuboidal |
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Definition
| Conveys sweat; secretes hormones; sweat gland duct, ovaries |
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Term
| Function and location of pseudostratified columnar |
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Definition
| Secretes and propels mucus, upper respiratory tract, ciliated |
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Term
| Types of connective tissue |
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Definition
| Loose connective, dense connective, adipose, blood, cartilage, bone |
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Term
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Definition
| Binds other tissues together and fills the space between organs, contains collagen elastin and fibroblasts |
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Term
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Definition
| Connects muscle to bone & bone to bone; tendons and ligaments; fibroblasts and collagen |
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Term
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Definition
| Stores fat for energy and insulation, beneath skin, between muscles, around heart and joints, minimal matrix |
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Term
| What is unique about the extracellular matrix of blood? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Voluntary, appears striated because of the protein filaments, contains many nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
| Involuntary, electrically coupled with one another to connections called intercalated disks, contract simultaneously |
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Term
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Definition
| Involuntary, not striated, pushes food along digestive tract, controls size of pupils |
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Term
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Definition
| Form communication networks that receive, process, and transmit info |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells that support neurons and assist in their functioning |
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Term
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Definition
| Six-carbon glucose molecule splits into two three-carbon PYRUVATE molecule |
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Term
| What are the products of the first step of glycolysis? |
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Definition
| Generates 2 ATP and 2 NADH to transport electrons |
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Term
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Definition
| Oxidize the pyruvate and release CO2; enzymes rearrange atoms and bonds in ways that transfer the pyruvates potential energy and electrons to ATP, NADH, & FADH |
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Term
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Definition
| transfers energy rich electrons from NADH and FADH2 through a series of membrane proteins; energy is used to create a gradient of hydrogen ions |
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Term
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Definition
| Forms a channel in the membrane, releasing the protons and using their potential energy to add phosphate to ADP |
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Term
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Definition
| Folds that greatly increase the surface area of the inner membrane in mitochondria |
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Term
| What are the four stages of energy extraction? |
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Definition
| Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, and Elimination |
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Term
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Definition
| Ingesting large chunks of food |
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Term
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Definition
| Drink their food ex: Mosquito, hummingbird |
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Term
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Definition
| Animals that strain particles from water ex: Flamingo |
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Term
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Definition
| Produces hydrolytic enzymes in a digestive cavity connected with the outside world. Food remains outside the body until is it digested and absorbed |
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Term
| Incomplete Digestive System Tract |
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Definition
| Has only one opening that both ingests food and eliminates waste |
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Term
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Definition
| Herbivores with complex four-chambered stomach that specializes in the digestion of glass |
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Term
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Definition
| Size varies with diet, forms the entrance to the large intestine, carnivores are small, herbivores are large |
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Term
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Definition
| Layers of smooth muscle that underlie the entire digestive tract; undergo waves of contraction to propel food and churn it with enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscular ring that can contract to block the passage of materials |
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Term
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Definition
| Temporarily covers the opening to the trachea so that food enters the digestive tract instead of the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| Mixture of water, mucous, salts, hydrochloric acid, and enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme that digests protein, produced by chief cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Semifluid mixture of food and gastric juices, small amount come through the pyloric sphincter that links the stomach and the upper part of the small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
| Stored energy available to do work |
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Term
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Definition
| Energy being used to do work |
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Term
| First Law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
| Energy cannot be created or destroyed although energy can be converted to other forms |
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Term
| Second Law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
| All energy transformations are inefficient because every reaction loses some energy to the surrounding as heat |
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Term
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Definition
| Measure of the randomness of energy transformations |
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Term
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Definition
| Requires an input of energy to proceed, products contain more energy than reactants ex: photosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| Releases energy, products contain less energy than the reactants ex: cellular respiration |
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of electrons from a molecule, atom, or ion, EXERGONIC |
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Term
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Definition
| Gain of electrons, endergonic, require a net input of energy |
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Term
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Definition
| Each protein accepts an electron from the molecule before it and passes it to the next, like a bucket brigade |
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Term
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Definition
| Transferring phosphate group to another molecule, may energize the target molecule making it more likely to bond, OR creates a change in the shape of the target molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| Reactions that build things |
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Term
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Definition
| Reactions that degrade things |
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Term
| What type of reaction is occurring if Delta G is negative? |
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Definition
| Exergonic - free energy is released |
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Term
| What type of reaction is occurring if Delta G is positive? |
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Definition
| Endergonic - free energy is consumed |
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Term
| Do energy-releasing reactions increase or decrease entropy? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which type of reaction needs activation energy? |
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Definition
| Both endergonic and exergonic |
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Term
| Why do enzymes lower the activation energy? |
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Definition
| Allows exergonic reactions to occur faster, does not change amount of energy released |
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Term
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Definition
| Naturally occurring or man-made molecules that bind to the enzyme and slow reaction rates |
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Term
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Definition
| Compete with the natural substrate for binding sites |
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Term
| Non-competitive Inhibitor |
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Definition
| Bind to the enzyme away from the active site and alter the shape of the active site, often function as metabolic regulators |
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Term
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Definition
| Bids non-covalently to the enzyme |
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Term
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Definition
| Bonds covalently to side chains of the enzyme, permanently disables the enzyme |
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Term
| What is the formula for aerobic respiration? |
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Definition
| C6H12+6O2 -> 6CO2 +6H2O +36 ATP (energy) |
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Term
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Definition
| Reactant that becomes reduced |
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Term
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Definition
| Reactant that becomes oxidized |
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Term
| What is the most common fuel in organisms? |
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Definition
| Glucose, converts other molecules into glucose or intermediates of glucose oxidation |
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Term
| What are the inputs and outputs of glycolysis? |
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Definition
| Input - Glucose, 2 NAD+, 2 ATP, 2 ADP + 2P Output - 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 4 ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| Energy investment, add phosphate to glucose |
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Term
| Glycolysis Reactions 6-10 |
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Definition
| Energy payoff, 2 NADH and 2 ATP (net) |
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Term
| Substrate Level Phosphorylation |
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Definition
| Direct transfer of PO4 from an organic compound to ADP, does not require oxygen, 2 steps in glycolysis are SLP |
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Term
| Input and Output of the Krebs Cycle |
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Definition
| Input - 2 acetyl CoA, 6 NAD+, 2 FAD Output - 4CO2, 6NADH, 2FADH2, 2 ATP |
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Term
| How many reactions in the Krebs Cycle? |
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Definition
| 8, all begin with acetyl CoA |
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Term
| Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place? |
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Definition
| Involved proteins and electron carrier molecules imbedded in the mitochondrial inner membrane (cristae) |
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Term
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Definition
| E- from NADH and FADH2 pass through a respiratory chain of inner membrane carriers; generates a proton concentration gradient in mitochondria inter-membrane space |
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Term
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Definition
| H+ flows from inter-membrane space through ATP synthase to matrix, flow rotates rotor, driving conformation changes in catalytic knob subunits, conformation changes force condensation of ADP +P -> ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| Essentially same as aerobic but an inorganic molecule other than O2 is the electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain, lower ATP yield than aerobic |
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Term
| What are the possible options for alternate electron transporters in anaerobic respiration? |
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Definition
| NO3 nitrate, SO4 sulfate, and CO2 carbon dioxide |
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Term
| What organ is the main site of nutrient absorption? |
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Definition
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Term
| What about the small intestine increases it's capacity for absorption? |
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Definition
| Surface is folded into ridges, ridges have projections called villi, cells in villi have microvilli |
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Term
| Function of the large intestine |
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Definition
| Not a major site of nutrient absorption, absorbs water and salts, concentrates waste for elimination |
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Term
| Exocrine region of the pancreas |
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Definition
| Secretes most digestive enzymes used in digestion as well as bicarbonate |
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Term
| Endocrine region of the pancreas |
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Definition
| Secretes important hormones (insulin & glucagon) which regulate blood glucose concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| Stores bile from liver and releases into small intestine as chyme passes |
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Term
| What are 3 requirements for a respiratory surface? |
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Definition
| Surface area must be large, surface must come in contact with environmental air or water, surface must have moist membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| Transport of O2 to tissues and transport of CO2 away |
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Term
| What are the four gas exchange systems? |
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Definition
| External gills, internal gills, lungs, tracheae |
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Term
| Is oxygen transferred in a concurrent flow or countercurrent and why? |
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Definition
| Countercurrent because if it was concurrent it would never reach saturation because equilibrium is reached at 50% |
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Term
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Definition
| No cartilage, only epithelium and smooth muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| Tiny sac with a wall of epithelial tissue one cell thick |
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Term
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Definition
| Move blood away from the heart, lined with circular smooth muscle, branch into arterioles |
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Term
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Definition
| Move blood toward the heart, thinner walls, have valves to prevent backflow, branch into venules |
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Term
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Definition
| Site of diffusion, one cell layer thick |
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Term
| What is the hierarchial organizational system of blood transport? |
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Definition
| Artery -> arteriole -> capillary -> venule -> vein |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells that actually respond to the hormone, inside or on the surface of each target cell is a receptor protein which binds to the hormone and initiates the cell's response |
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Term
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Definition
| Control of body temperature and it requires the ability to balance heat gained from and lost to the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| Lacks an internal temperature-regulating mechanism, moves to where it can gain or lose heat, requires less energy |
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Term
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Definition
| Regulates its body temperature internally |
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Term
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Definition
| Two adjacent currents flow in opposite directions and exchange heat/O2/etc. with each other |
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Term
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Definition
| Control the concentration of ions in their body fluids as the environment changes |
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Term
| Explain osmoregulation in a saltwater fish |
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Definition
| The fish drinks seawater, produces little urine, and uses active transport at the gills to get rid of excess salts |
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Term
| Explain osmoregulation in a freshwater fish |
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Definition
| Constantly takes in water at its gills and through its skin by osmosis, while losing salts to its surroundings. Shed excess water in urine and gills take up ions from water by active transport |
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Term
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Definition
| Mainly produced during breakdown of proteins, produced by stripping protein of amino group and picking up a hydrogen ion forming ammonia NH3 |
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Term
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Definition
| Produced by mammals, adult frogs, turtles, urea moves to the bloodstream and eliminated with water in the urine |
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Term
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Definition
| Produced by insects, land tortoises, birds, insoluable in water, excrete as a solid form |
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Term
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Definition
| Cleanse blood, conserve water, salts, glucose, amino acids, and other nutrients, regulate blood pH |
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Term
| What are the two sphincters leaving the bladder consist of? |
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Definition
| Innermost sphincter is of smooth muscle and involuntary, outer is skeletal muscle and voluntary |
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Term
| How much urine does a person produce in a day? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Functional unit of the kidney, over 1.3 million, entwined with capillaries |
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Term
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Definition
| Turf of capillaries where blood is filtered into the nephron, allows water, urea, glucose, salts, amino acids, and creatinine to pass into capsule, blood pressure forces substances out b/c of larger diameter of incoming arteriole |
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Term
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Definition
| Snake around part of each nephron, empty into a venule that joins the renal vein carrying cleansed blood out of the kidney to the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| Water and dissolved substances are filtered out of the blood at the glomerular capsule |
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Term
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Definition
| Useful materials such as salts, water, glucose, and amino acids return from the nephron to the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| Toxic substances, drug residues, hydrogen ions, and surplus ions are secreted into the nephron to be eliminated in the urine |
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Term
| Proximal Convoluted Tubule |
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Definition
| Specialized cells transport sodium ions, glucose, amino acids, etc into the interstitial fluid, H+ is secreted into tubule and HCO3- to maintain the pH of the blood |
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Term
| Descending limb of the loop of Henle |
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Definition
| Goes deep into medulla, water leaves by osmosis due to the high concentration of salt, impermeable to ions and urea, salt concentration reaches maximum and bottom of loop |
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Term
| Ascending limp of the loop of Henle |
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Definition
| Impermeable to water and urea, Na+ and Cl- diffuse from the filtrate into the capillaries, which have a lower salt concentration, at end ions move out by active transport |
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Term
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Definition
| Na+ and Cl- ions move out of filtrate and into the blood by active transport, K+ and H+ may be secreted into DCT and collecting duct |
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Term
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Definition
| Descends back into the medulla, water leaves collecting duct by osmosis, some urea also diffuse out to contribute to high salt concentration in medulla |
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Term
| Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) |
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Definition
| Triggers the formation of additional water channels in the walls of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct |
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Term
| Effects of fight or flight/epinephrine |
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Definition
| Increases heart rate, increases glycogen breakdown in liver, increases fatty acid release from fat cells, constricts blood vessels in gut and skin, inhibits insulin secretion in pancreas |
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Term
| Describe the process of homeostatis when the body is too cold |
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Definition
| thermoreceptors in skin, hypothalamus, and other organs detect temp, voluntary changes in behavior (put on clothes), blood vessels constrict, shivering, body temp increases |
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Term
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Definition
| Match their body osmolarity to their environment |
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Term
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Definition
| Tightly regulate their body osmolarity which always stays constant |
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Term
| How many liters of filtered blood do the kidneys produce each day and how much of that is retained? |
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Definition
| 180 liters a day, 178.5 liters retained |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulates Na+ channel production which causes more reabsorption of Na+, leads to more water reabsorptioin |
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Term
| Parathyriod hormone (PTH) |
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Definition
| Stimulates Ca2+ channel production which causes more reabsorption of Ca2+ ions |
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Term
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Definition
| Consists of 2 alpha and 2 beta chains, can bind 4 O2 |
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