Term
| What are the levels of biological organization? |
|
Definition
| Atom, Molecule, Organelle, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When components interact they create new complex function. They arise from physical and chemical interactions among a system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Make their own food by extracting energy and nutrients from nonliving sources ex: capture light energy from sun |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Obtain energy and nutrients by eating other organisms, dead or alive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Heterotrophs that obtain energy and nutrients from wastes or dead organisms ex: fungi and bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Process by which a cell or organism maintains this state of internal constancy |
|
|
Term
| What determines whether something is alive? |
|
Definition
| Organized, Requires Energy, Maintains Internal Constancy, Reproduces Grows and Develops, Evolves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Genetic info comes from only one parent and offspring are virtually identical ex: flowers, bacteria, sponges |
|
|
Term
| Why is sexual reproduction more successful than asexual reproduction? |
|
Definition
| Because it enhances the chance that the individual will survive even if the environment changes due to genetic diversity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inherited characteristics that enables an organism to survive and reproduce successfully in its environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enhanced reproductive success of certain individuals from a population based on inherited characteristics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Biological science of naming and classifying organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Basic unit of classification that designates a "type" to organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three domains life is classified under? |
|
Definition
| Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya |
|
|
Term
| How are archaea and bacteria related? |
|
Definition
| Single-celled prokaryotes, DNA is free is the cell, NO NUCLEUS |
|
|
Term
| What are the four kingdoms within the domain Eukarya? |
|
Definition
| Protista (autotrophs or heterotrophs), Animalia (heterotrophs by ingestion), fungi (heterotrophs by external digestion), Plantae (autotrophs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tentative explanation for one or more observations; MUST BE TESTABLE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inert substance that resembles the treatment given to experimental group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Neither researchers nor participants knew who received the vaccine and who received the placebo |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Probability that the results arose purely by chance |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory? |
|
Definition
| Typically broader than a hypothesis, theories must be able to be proven wrong |
|
|
Term
| What are the four most abundant elements? |
|
Definition
| Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen |
|
|
Term
| What is the mass and charge of a proton, neutron, and electron? |
|
Definition
| Proton = Mass 1, Charge +1; Neutron = Mass 1, Charge O; Electron = Mass 1, Charge -1 |
|
|
Term
| What does the atomic number also stand for? |
|
Definition
| The number of protons in the nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An atom that has gained or lost electrons and therefore has a net negative or positive charge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Different forms of a single element that have varying numbers of neutrons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Outermost occupied energy shell, atoms are most stable when their valence shells are full |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Two atoms share electrons, shared electrons travel around both nuclei, VERY STRONG, most bonds in biological molecules are covalent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Measure of an atom's ability to attract electrons, those with almost full valence shells have a high electronegativity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Union in which both atoms exert approximately equal pull on their shared electrons, a bond between two atoms of the same element is nonpolar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lopside union in which one nucleus exerts a much stronger pull on the shared electrons than does the other nucleus. Forms whenever a highly electronegative atom, like oxygen, shares electrons with a less electronegative partner such as carbon or hydrogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Results from the electrical attraction between two ions with opposite charges, form between an atom whose outermost shell is almost empty and one whose valence shell is nearly full |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Opposite partial charges on adjacent molecules - or within a large molecule - attract each other. Positive charge is always hydrogen and other is highly electronegative |
|
|
Term
| What are two properties of water that make it essential to life? |
|
Definition
| Cohesion and adhesion - tendency to stick together, tendency to form hydrogen bonds with substances |
|
|
Term
| What type of molecules do polar molecules dissolve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What elements do hydrophobic molecules consist of? |
|
Definition
| Mostly carbon and hydrogen |
|
|
Term
| Why is water resistant to temperature changes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chemical that adds H+ to a solution, making the concentration of H+ ions exceed the concentration of OH- |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Basic solution containing a pH greater than 7 |
|
|
Term
| What are the four most abundant types of organic molecules? |
|
Definition
| Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small chains of molecular subunits ex: proteins, nucleic acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enzyme removes an OH from one molecule and a hydrogen atom from another, forming H2O and a new covalent bond between the two smaller components |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enzymes use atoms from water to add a hydroxyl group to one molecule and a hydrogren atom to another, breaks covalent bonds that link monomers |
|
|
Term
| What elements consist of a carbohydrate and in what proportion? |
|
Definition
| Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen 1:2:1 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smallest carbohydrate, contains 5-6 carbon atoms, can have same # of carbon atoms that can different by how atoms are bonded |
|
|
Term
| What is a disaccharide and what is their function? |
|
Definition
| Two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis, provide a ready source of energy which is released when their bonds are broken |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Carbohydrates with 3-100 monomers, with a protein attached becomes a glycoprotein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Complex carbohydrates, all long chains of glucose but differ by orientation of the bonds |
|
|
Term
| What is chitin and where is it found? |
|
Definition
| Resembles a glucose polymer but a nitrogen-containing group replaces one hydroxyl group in each monomer. Found in cell walls |
|
|
Term
| Why are lipids hydrophobic? |
|
Definition
| Dominated by nonpolar carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Consists of three long hydrocarbon chains called fatty acids bonded to glycerol |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats? |
|
Definition
| Saturated contains all the hydrogens it can, unsatured has at least one double bonded carbon to create a kink in the fatty acid tails |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unsaturated fats whose fatty acid tails are straight, not kinked |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lipids that have four interconnected carbon rings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fatty acids combined with alcohols or other hydrocarbons usually forming a stiff, water-repellent material |
|
|
Term
| What consists of an amino acid? |
|
Definition
| Central carbon atom bonded to four other groups; one is a hydrogen atom, one carboxyl group, amino group, and R group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Forms by dehydration synthesis; covalent bonds link each amino acid to its neighbor |
|
|
Term
| How does the body use proteins in food? |
|
Definition
| Hydrolysis reaction breaks peptide bonds and releases amino acids from proteins in food, body uses monomers to make its own polypeptides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Monomer that consists of three components; center is 5-carbon sugar, ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA, attached to the sugar's carbon atom is one phosphate group PO4 |
|
|
Term
| What are the nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA? |
|
Definition
| DNA contains A, C, G, T; RNA contains A, C, G, U |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of RNA? |
|
Definition
| Enable cells to use the protein-encoding information in DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All organisms made of cells, cell is fundamental unit of life, cells come from preexisting cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Glycerol bonds to only two fatty acids; third carbon bonds to two fatty acids; head is hydrophilic tails are hydrophobic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hydrophobic interior of bilayer prevents ions and polar molecules from passing freely; do not block lipids and nonpolar molecules |
|
|
Term
| What molecule keeps the cell membrane fluid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the five functions of proteins? |
|
Definition
| Transport molecules to pass in and out of cell, facilitate chemical reactions, recognize cells, membrane proteins enable cells to stick to one another, receptor proteins bind to molecules on a cell to trigger reaction inside cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, cell membrane; small bubbles of membrane pinch off and travel within to the cell and fuse together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Holes in the double membrane nuclear envelope. Highly specialized channels composed of dozens of types of proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Network of sacs and tubules composed of membrane; originates at nuclear envelope and winds throughout the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Close to nucleus membrane; studded with ribosomes making proteins that enter the inner compartment of the ER; secretes proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Synthesizes lipids; houses enzymes that detoxify drugs and poisons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stack of flat membrane-enclosed sacs that functions as a processing center; proteins pass through the sacs and complete their intricate folding to being functional. Manufactures and attaches carbs to proteins and lipids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Contains enzymes that dismantle and recycle food particles, captured bacteria, worm-out organelles, debris |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In plants, contains a watery solution of enzymes that degrade and recycle molecules and organelles, pH somewhat acidic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organelles that use a process called cellular respiration to extract energy from food; has it's own DNA |
|
|
Term
| What are the five membrane functions? |
|
Definition
| 1. Boundaries b/w cell and environment & b/w an organelle and cell 2. Selective Permeable 3. Intracellular transporters 4. Cell indentification, communication & adhesion 5. Location of some biochemical reactions |
|
|
Term
| What four things can affect rates of diffusion across the membrane? |
|
Definition
| Concentration gradient, electrical charge, temp of solution, diameter of molecules/ions |
|
|
Term
| What types of molecules can move easily through the phospholipid bilayer? |
|
Definition
| Small, nonpolar, uncharged |
|
|
Term
| If amino acid is hydrophilic is it basic or acidic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane, water moves from area of high concentration to low water concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plant cells retract from the cell wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cross a membrane via channel or carrier protein, when ligand binds to protein it changes it shape to control the permeability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Requires energy and a carrier protein to move it across the membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Special protein channel specific for water, can allow up to 100 million h2o at one second |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| NA+/K+ pump; other ion pumps |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between primary active transport and secondary active transport? |
|
Definition
| Primary uses direct hydrolysis of ATP and secondary uses energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plasma membrane surrounds the extracellular material and invaginates, forming a vesicle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Material in vesicles is expelled from a cell by fusion with the plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
| Signal transduction pathway |
|
Definition
| Sequence of molecular events and chemical reactions |
|
|
Term
| What side is the carboxyl group and what side is the amino acid in a protein? |
|
Definition
| Amino acid is on left, carboxyl is on right |
|
|
Term
| What was the first experiment done to find DNA? |
|
Definition
| Griffith, Called it the transforming principle, mouse with the dead killer virus and alive nonlethal virus |
|
|
Term
| How many hydrogen bonds are between A-T and C-G? |
|
Definition
| A-T = 2 hydrogen bonds, C-G = 3 hydrogen bonds |
|
|
Term
| What are purines and pyramidines? |
|
Definition
| Purine = Have 9 rings of carbon, A&G. Pyramidines = Have 6 rings of carbon, T&C |
|
|
Term
| Is DNA right handed or left handed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the key functions of DNA? |
|
Definition
| Stores genetic info, susceptible to mutation, precisely replicated, expressed as a phenotype |
|
|
Term
| Semi-conservative model of DNA replication |
|
Definition
| Parent serves as a template and new molecules have one old and one new strand |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Original helix only serves as a template for synthesis of new helix, CORRECT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Parent fragments serve as templates assembling old and new parts into molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spun DNA in a concentrated gradient to weigh the DNA after replication using N14 & N15 |
|
|
Term
| In what direction will new DNA replicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the DNA acquire power to replicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reads nucleotide and puts in correct base. Doesn't stop until it falls off or reaches a finished base |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Joins Okazaki fragments and seals nicks in sugar-phosphate backbone, creates covalent bonds between bases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protein that unwinds double helix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adds short RNA primer to template strand, can start synthesizing by putting down RNA fragments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unravels DNA ahead of helicase to release tension, like unbraiding |
|
|
Term
| Single stranded binding proteins |
|
Definition
| Prevents bases from breaking away and doesn't let them re-band |
|
|
Term
| What are the three stages in DNA replication? |
|
Definition
| Initiation, Elongation, Termination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enzyme that binds to open 3' end with an RNA template and adds nucleotides to elongate end & then primer comes through and readds bases |
|
|
Term
| What protein can bind two previously binded nucleotides? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In prokaryotic division, what are some cues for the cells to divide? |
|
Definition
| Lack of cells (bacteria) around a cell, large amounts of nutrients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pinching in the plasma membrane followed by synthesis of new cell wall materials |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gap 1, DNA Synthesis, Gap 2, Mitosis |
|
|
Term
| How does the cell know to proceed with the cell cycle? |
|
Definition
| Activity of CDKS (cyclin dependent kinases), the CDKS are controlled by cyclins |
|
|
Term
| What is the rate of CDKS to cyclin in the cell cycle? |
|
Definition
| CDKS remains constant while cyclin varies greatly in order to initiate cycles |
|
|
Term
| What happens in the G1 Checkpoint? |
|
Definition
| Decision to replicate DNA, check for chromosome integrity |
|
|
Term
| What happens in the G2 Checkpoint? |
|
Definition
| Checks if replication is complete, checks for chromosomal damage during replication |
|
|
Term
| What happens in the Metaphase Checkpoint? |
|
Definition
| Checks for proper alignment of all chromosomes, checks that chromosomes are connected to both mitotic poles |
|
|
Term
| How are chromosomes held together in the centomere? |
|
Definition
| NOT COVALENTLY BONDED, wrapped around each other and held by proteins |
|
|
Term
| What are the steps in chromosomal structure? |
|
Definition
| DNA wraps around a histosome, histosomes form nucleosomes, they wrap and form chromatin |
|
|
Term
| What are the phases of mitosis? |
|
Definition
| Prophase, prometaphase, metphase, anaphase, telophase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope begins to breakdown |
|
|
Term
| What occurs in prometaphase? |
|
Definition
| Nuclear envelope disappears, chromosomes begin movement |
|
|
Term
| What occurs in metaphase? |
|
Definition
| Chromosomes line up on metaphase plate, mitotic spindles attach at kinetochores of each chromosome, longest phase of mitosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protein that protects centrosomes at point of attachment between spindles and DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mitotic spindles pull, separating sister chromatid at centromere |
|
|
Term
| What occurs in telophase? |
|
Definition
| Chromosomes decondense, nuclear envelope reforms, cytokenesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Programmed cell death, cell is no longer needed, DNA is damaged |
|
|
Term
| What are the steps to DNA transcription? |
|
Definition
| Initiation, Elongation, Termination |
|
|
Term
| Explain Initiation in DNA transcription? |
|
Definition
| Enzymes unzip the DNA double helix, exposing the template strand. RNA polymerase (enzyme that builds the RNA chain) binds to the promoter, a DNA sequence that signals the gene's start |
|
|
