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| Falls in the middle between Reform Jews and Orthodox Jews; it preaches that Judaism should keep in step with a changing world and keep an open mind to updating the faith. |
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| One of the Four Jewish sectarian groups; a Jewish monastic group that formed a religious community near the Dead Sea. |
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| The doctrine the prophets taught that there is only one God and God's goodness requires that human beings act ethically doing the right thing in pursuit of goodness. |
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| Began in 586 B.C.E., when Babylonian ruler Nebuchadnezzar II destroyed Solomon's Temple and forced many Jews to exile in Mesopotamia. |
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| The paradigm event in the history of Judaism when Moses rescued the Hebrews from slavery and led them out of Egypt. |
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| Celebration that commemorates the Jewish purification of the Temple after it was retaken from the Syrian Greeks about 165 B.C.E. |
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| Jewish mysticism in Eastern Europe. |
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| A mysticism stresses the experience, love, and joy of God and maintains the scriptures contain mystical teaching lying beneath the surface reading of the text. |
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| A future savior of the people of Israel who will inaugurate an age of peace. |
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| The work of interpreting Torah. |
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| The legal prescriptions and precepts of the Oral Torah. |
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| A Hebrew prophet who grew up as an Egyptian and eventually rescued the Hebrews from slavery and led them out of Egypt. |
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| Part of the divided Kingdom of Israel that was destroyed by the Assyrians because the Israelites practiced polytheism. |
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| The work of debate and commentary over the Hebrew Bible or Tanak |
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| Reacted against Reform Judaism insisting on faithfulness to the religious and ethical precepts of the Torah and Talmud. |
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| A week-long spring festival that commemorates the exodus of Hebrews from slavery in Egypt. |
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| Patriarchs and Matriarchs |
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| The forefathers and foremothers of the Israelites. |
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| One of the four Jewish sectarian groups that was composed of the rabbis, the lawyers, and the scribes of the middle class. |
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| Began about 540 B.C.E., after the Persians conquered the Babylonians and permitted the Jews to return to Palestine and rebuild the walls of Jerusalem and the Temple. |
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| A Jewish teacher who is a scholar of the Torah, or Jewish law. |
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| Reconstructionist Judaism |
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| Form of Judaism that affirms the primacy of reason and modern science and minimizes the importance of religious ceremony and ritual. |
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| Form of Judaism that emphasizes the ethical teachings of the Torah and the Talmud and diminishes the importance of eating kosher dietary foods. |
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| day observed every week on the seventh day beginning on sundown on Friday to sunset on Saturday night; it commemorates God's rest from creation and refrain from work. |
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| One of the four Jewish sectarian groups; they were priestly-aristocratic class. |
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| Type of building that replaced the temple and is a house of worship and serves as a center of spiritual and moral gravity for the community. |
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| The compilation of the Oral Torah in written form. |
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| The canon of standard list of books that comprise the authoritative basis of rabbinical Judaism. |
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| The first five books of the Hebrew Bible, whose authorship tradition ascribes to Moses, and is of unknown origin or date. |
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| One of the four Jewish sectarian groups that were the social rebels and revolutionaries whose goal was the overthrow of the Roman occupiers. |
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