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| Art and science of collecting, analyzing, presenting, and interpreting data |
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| Facts and figures collected, analyzed, summarized for interpretation and presentation |
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| Entities on which data are collected |
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| Characteristic of interest for the elements |
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| When the data for a variable consists of labels or names used to identify an attribute of the element |
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Scale of measurement for a variable
Example: excellent, poor, good on a survey |
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Scale of measurement used if the data have all the properties of ordinal data and the interval between values is expressed in terms of a fixed unit of measure. Always numeric.
Example: College Admission SAT scores |
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Scale used if the data have all the properties of interval data and the ratio of two values is meaningful
Example: distance, height, time |
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| Data grouped into specific catergories |
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| Data that uses numeric values |
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| Variable that uses categorical data |
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| Variable that uses quantitative data |
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| Data collected at the same or approximately the same point in time |
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| Data collected over several time periods |
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| Summaries of data, which may be tabular, graphical, or numerical |
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| The larger group of elements in a particular study |
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| Smaller group of the population; selected randomly |
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| Process of conducting a survey to collect data for the entire population |
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| Statistical process that uses data from a sample to make estimates and test hypotheses about the characteristics of a population |
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| Deals with methods for developing useful decision-making information from large data bases |
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| A tabular summary of data showing the number (frequency) of items in each of several nonoverlapping classes |
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| Relative Frequency Distribution |
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Tabular summary showing relative frequency
Relative Frequency=F/n |
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| Percent Frequency Distribution |
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Summarizes the percent frequency of the data for each class.
Relative Frequency times 100=Percent frequency |
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| Graphical device depicting categorical (qualitative) data |
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| Another graphical device presenting relative frequency and percent frequency for categorical data |
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| Value halfway between the lower and upper class limits |
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| One of the simplest graphical summaries. Horizontal axis shows range for data. Each value is represented by dot above. |
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| Similar to a Bar chart but represents quantitative data rather than qualitative |
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| Cumulative Frequency Distribution |
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| Shows the number of data items with values less than or equal to the upper class limit of each class |
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| Cumulative Relative Frequency Distribution |
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| Shows the proportion of data items |
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| Cumulative Percent Frequency Distribution |
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| Shows the percentage of data items with values less than or equal to the upper limit of each class |
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| A graph of cumulative distribution. Data values on horizontal axis. Frequencies of frequency percentages on vertical axis. |
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| Explanatory Data Analysis |
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| Consists of simple arithmetic and easy-to-draw graphs that can be used to summarize data quickly |
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| Can be used to show both the rank order and shape of a data set simultaneously |
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| Tabular summary of data for two variables |
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| The reversal of conclusions bases on aggregate and unaggregated data |
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| Graphical presentation of the relationship between two quantitative variables |
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| Line that provides approximation of the relationship between quatitative variables |
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| Measures that are computed for data from a sample |
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| Measures are computed for data from a population |
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| A sample statistic is referred to as the point estimator of the corresponding population parameter |
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| Measure of central location. Value in the middle |
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| Provides info about how the data are spread over the interval from the smallest to largest value |
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| Division points after dividing data distribution into four parts |
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| Largest value minus smallest value |
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| Interquartile range (IQR) |
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| Difference between the third quartile (Q3) and the first quartile (Q1) |
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| Measure of variability that utilizes all the data. Based on the difference between the value of each observation and the mean |
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| The positive square root of the variance |
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| Standard deviation divided by the mean multiplied by 100. |
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| Important numerical measure of the shape of a distribution |
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| At least (1-1/z^2) of the data values must be within z standard deviations of the mean, where z is any value greater than 1 |
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For data having a bell-shaped distribution:
-Approx. 68% of values will be within one standard deviation of the mean
-Approx. 95% will be within two standard deviations
-Almost all values will be within three standard deviations of the mean |
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Following five numbers are uesd to summarize the data:
1. Smallest value
2. First Quartile (Q1)
3. Median (Q2)
4. Third quartile (Q3)
5. Largest value
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| Graphical summary of data that is based on five-number summary |
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| Descriptive measure of the linear association between two variables |
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| Measure of the relationship between two variables that is not affected by the units of measurement for x and y |
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Definition
xi=value of observation
wi=weight of observation
x=(wi)(xi)/wi |
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