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| Occurs when an experimenter systematically alters the levels of a variable |
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| Every participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any specific condition of an experiment |
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| matching each participant in an experimental condition with a very similar participant in a control condition |
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| Occur when an experimenter unwittingly manipulates two or more things at once |
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| Refers to the finding that people recognize most words more quickly than usual when they have just been exposed to words that have a similar meaning |
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| refers to extraneous variables that influence the dependent variable but are evenly distributed across experimental conditions |
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| studies that physically resemble the real world are high in mundane realism |
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| refers to the degree to which a research study is psychologically meaningful to research participants |
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| A measure designed to see if a manipulation truly puts people in the psychologicall state that the experimenter whishes to create |
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| Research designs in which researchers have only parial control over their independent variables |
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| Person-by-treatment quasi-experiments |
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| Designs in which the researcher measures at least on independent variable and manipulates at least on other independent variable |
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| Measuring the individual-difference variable in a pretest |
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| Groups of people taken from the upper and lower ends of the distribution of an individual-difference measure |
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| Labeling those above the medians "high" and those "below" the mdian as low |
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| The experimenter does not use true random assignment at all and thus relinquishes experimental control completely |
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| Occurs when a researcher adds new conditions to a study to help establish the size of aquasi-experimental effect, to test for the influene of conceivable confounds, or both |
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| Occur when researchers continually add control groups to a quasi-experimental design |
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| All participants are in one group |
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| one group, pretest-posttest design |
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| A quasi exeperimental research design in which measures are taken from a single group of research participants both prior to and after the participants receive a natural manipulation. Because this design does not include a control group, it usually yields findings that are open to many alternative explanations. |
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| Posttest-only design with nonequivalent group |
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| A quasi-experimental design in which a researcher compares two similar but nonidentical groups after one and only one of the groups experiences a treatment condition |
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| Pretest-posttest design with nonequivalent groups |
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| A quasi-experimental research design in which data are collected from two presumably comparable groups of research participants both prior to and after one of the groups receives a natural manipulation. To the degree that one can safely assume that the two groups were truly similar prior to the time that they experienced different levels of the manipulation, this is a relatively strong quasi-experimental design |
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| Researchers look at long runs of data to show equivalence prior to a quasi-manipulation |
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| Psychologists break one or more groups into additional subgroups to test for subgroup differences that are consistent with the focal theory or with competing theories |
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| Refers to the finding that people like letters that occur in their own names quite a bit more than they like ltters that do not |
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