Term
| Four ways of knowing about the world |
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Definition
1. Intuition
2. Logic
3. Authority
4. Observation |
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Definition
| Universal statement of the nature of things that allows reliable predictions of future events |
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| Behavior usually has multiple determinants |
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| Predictions about specific events that are dervied from one or more theories |
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Term
| Method of induction (Francis Bacon) |
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Definition
| MAking many observations under controlled conditions and arriving at a general statements about how things are |
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Definition
| Even if you have made hundreds of observations, all of which are consistent with you general conclusion it is always posiible that the very next observation you make will prove you wrong by violating your conclusion |
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| Reasoning from the general statement to the specific |
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| Tendency for people who are evaluating hypotheses to attempt to confirm rather than to disconfirm these hypotheses |
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| Tendency for social perceivers to elicit behaviors from a person that are consistent with their initial expectancies of the person |
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Definition
| An approach to hypotheses testing in which researchers attempt to gather evidence that supports or confirms a theory or hypothesis |
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| An approach to hypothesis testing in which researchers attempt to gather evidence that invalidates or disconfirms a theory or hypothesis |
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Definition
| An approach to hypothesis testing in which researchers try to identify the boundary conditions under which a theory or hypothesis is and is not true |
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Definition
| An ideal set of research procedures that serves as the model for almost all psychological research |
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Definition
| Caefully documented observations of a specific group or person |
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Definition
| Puzzling or nonsensical observations |
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| Analyzing the pratctioner's rule of thumb |
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Definition
| Analyzing thingts that experts in a particular area do to achieve certain outcomes |
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Definition
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Definition
| Technique for generating research hypotheses that we consider primarily deductive |
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Term
| Applying a functional or adaptive analysis |
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Definition
| Ask basic questions about what organisms have to do to successfully master their environments |
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| Hypothetico-deductive method |
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Definition
| Beginning with a set of basic assumptions (or observations) and to derive one or more logical consequences from these basic principles |
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| Accounting for conflict results |
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Definition
| Primacy and recency in learning are principles that make opposite predictions about what people will learn best |
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Term
| Accounting for exceptions |
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Definition
| The goal of psychological research is not to determine what is true; instead it is to determine when (or for whom) a given psychological principle is true |
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Definition
| Some greater good must come from psychologists' use of human subjects in their studies |
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Term
| Internal review boards (IRBs) |
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Definition
| Requirement of all universities and research institues to maintain an internal ethical review board that reviews and evaluates studies that use human participants |
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Definition
| Participants must be informed about any(!) potential risks of the research |
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| No undue pressure should be placed on participants to take part in a study |
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Definition
| Participants have the right to confidentiality for even the most mundane answers |
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| IF any deception takes place during a study, the researcher must inform the participant of the deception and the reason for it as soon as possible |
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