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| Explanations that violate what scientist now consider to be established physical laws, attributing, behavior or experiences to nonphysical forces such as spirits or dietis |
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| Belief that natural phenomena are alive and influence behavior |
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| Second category of metaphysical explanations (Animism is first) |
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| Comprehensive theory of knowledge should be based only on observations that can be made with absolute clarity |
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| Judgmental bias - falsely infer connections or correlation between group membership and the likelihood of engaging in nice versus nasty behavior |
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| Superstitious conditioning |
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| B.F. Skinner: "False conditioning" |
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| The four canons of science |
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- Determinism
- Empricism
- Parsimony
- Testability |
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| The idea that all events have meaningful systematic causes |
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| Find out how the world works by making observations |
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| We should be extremely frugal in developing (or chosing between) theories- by steering away from unnecessary concepts (Occam's razor) |
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| Scientific theories should be testable |
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| Seeking out tests that could prove their theories wrong |
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| Science and philosophy should be based solely on things that can be observed with absolute clarity |
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| Definitions of theoretical constructs that are stated in terms of concrete, observable procedures |
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