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Introduction to Public Health Test 3
Intro to public health notecards for test 3
81
Health Care
Undergraduate 1
10/11/2012

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Cards

Term
How does socioeconomic status effect health?
Definition
Higher status brings safer cooking methods, greater access to health care, healthier living conditions, improved sanitation. Disparities affect health more then absolute value of income.
Term
How does religion affect health?
Definition
Religious social practices ( abstainence from tobbaco and alcohol and Pork or other high fat foods) Response ( christians reject medical ccare as a response to symptoms) Acceptable interventions: ( prohibition against blood transfusion, End of life treatments, Abortion attitude)
Term
How does culture affect health?
Definition
Culture induced behavior:(food preferences, vegertarian) Role of exercise, Culture response to symptems ( differences in seeking care, social and family structures providing support) Culture induced intervention acceptability( Acceptance or avoidance of western medicine)
Term
What are the three measure of socio economic status
Definition
Family income. educational level or parents education level, professional status or parents professional status
Term
Which measure of socioeconomic status shows the strongest association with health outcomes?
Definition
An indiciduals socioecomic status as an adult
Term
Ciggerte smoking
Definition
is half of what it was in the 1960 for Males
Term
Infants
Definition
SIDS is half of what it was in the 1980s
Term
Seat belt usage
Definition
80 percent compared to 25percent in the 1970s
Term
Mammography
Definition
use increased by 50% during 1990s
Term
Women negative health trend
Definition
1960s and up, teenage girls increased cigarette smoking,
Term
American food intake
Definition
Last three decades have seen increased food intake, double the obesity resulting in 1/3 obese in america
Term
Downstream factor
Definition
Directly involve an individual, individual can change, like ciggertte smoking,
Term
Mainstream factor
Definition
Result from the relationship of an individual with a larger group or population such as peer pressure to smoke, or taxation level on ciggerttes
Term
Upstream factors
Definition
social structures and policies like government sponsored programs that encourage tobacco production.
Term
Transtheoretical Model Stages
Definition
PCPAM, Precontemplation, contemplation, Preparation, Action, Maintenance
Term
Contemplation (Motivate Change)
Definition
Individual thinks actively about the health risk and action required to reduce that risk.
Term
Preparation (Plan Change)
Definition
Prepares for action including developing aplan and setting and a time table
Term
Action (Reinforce change)
Definition
Observable changes in behavior with potential for relapse
Term
Maintenance (Main change)
Definition
New behavior needs to be consolidated as part of permanent life style change
Term
Diffusion of Innovation Theory
Definition
Adoption of new behaviors requires a series of phases or steps
Term
Early adopters
Definition
those who seek to experiment with innovative ideas
Term
early majority adopters
Definition
opion leaders whose social status frequently influences others to adopt the behavior
Term
late adopters
Definition
those who need support and encouragement to make adoption as easy as possible
Term
VERB Campaign
Definition
Funded by CDC centers for disease control and prevention and advertised that exercise is cool to 9-13
year olds
Term
VERB campaign marketing
Definition
Used TV and the aspect of coolness and fun associated with exercising
Term
VERB Barriers
Definition
lack of access to facilities to exercise, negative images of competition, embarrassment to exercise,
Term
What is bioethics?
Definition
applying morals or values to areas of potential conflict, Health law policy and ethics .
Term
Bioethic examples of issues
Definition
End of life care, stem cell research, abortion, protection of research subjects
Term
Procedural due process
Definition
the processes that must be undertaken to deprive an individual of a right
Term
Substansive due process
Definition
The grounds for depriving an indicidual of a right.
Term
Administrative law
Definition
produced by executive agencies of the federal state and local governments in order to implement legislative statutes. Determine eligibility, levels of reimbursment
Term
Constitutional law
Definition
Us Constitution band the constitutions of the 50 states.
Term
Judical Law or Common Law
Definition
law made by courts when applying constitutional , statutory or administrative law to specific cases.
Term
legislative law
Definition
written by legislative bodies . Things like retuarant inspection, prohibition on activities
Term
Market Justice
Definition
Views health care as an economic good not a social resource
Term
Social Justice
Definition
Requires active government involvement in health services delivery instead of assuming free market conditions for health care services delivery
Term
1948 addition to Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Constitution of the WHO
Definition
A right to health care
Term
No Duty Principle
Definition
Health care providers do not have an obligation to provide health services
Term
Treatment for Emergency Medical Conditions and Women in Labor Act EMTALA
Definition
made in 1986, provides a right to emergency medical care usually provided through hospital emergency departments
Term
Protections for Human research Subjects
Definition
Nuremberg Code, Belmont Report, IRBs
Term
Nuremberg Code
Definition
The voluntary consent of human subject, Experiment should yield results for the good of society,
Term
Belmont Reports
Definition
The national commission for the protection of human subjects of biomedical and behavioral research, PRODUCED the belmont report which focused on the key issues of defining informed consent and selection of participants , Led to the development of the Institutional review boards IRBS
Term
IRBS
Definition
institutional review boards, approve most human research.
Term
Tuskegee Study
Definition
Syphilis study used disadvantaged rural black men to study the untreated course of syphilis, were misled into believing that they were receiving effective treatment, they were provided deceptive information in order to retain them in the study, Deprived of penicillin treatment in order not to interrupt the research. Led to creation of the national commission for the protection of human subjects of biomedical and behavioral research
Term
Guatemala Study 1948
Definition
Doctors infected soldiers, prostitutes, prisoners and mental patients with syphilis and other sexually transmitted diseases, without the informed consent of the subjects, and treated most subjects with antibiotics. This resulted in at least 83 deaths.[2] In October 2010, the U.S. formally apologized to Guatemala for conducting these experiments
Term
Epidemiological transition
Definition
The transition from communicable diseases being the main cause of death to Chronic conditions being the main cause of death
Term
Hypertension
Definition
effective treatment is cheap and screening is free of harms
Term
LDL Cholesterol
Definition
Cheap screening and effective and cheap treatment
Term
Breast Cancer
Definition
COSTLY treatment and ineffectiver screening, 2nd most common fatal cancer among women, most common for women over 70
Term
Cervical cancer
Definition
highest false positive rate, Costly
Term
Colon Cancer
Definition
2nd most common fatal cancer in men and 3rd in women, Costly testing and treatment
Term
Prostate cancer
Definition
leading cancer, not very fatal
Term
Prevalance of Chronic conditions
Definition
about 45% have at least one chronic condition and 20% have two
Term
. Most Common Chronic Conditions among Adults
Definition
1) respiratory 2) hypertension
3) arthritis 4) depression
Term
Among 15 Leading Recorded Causes of Death in U.S. in 2009, All But Two Were Chronic Diseases
Definition
A. Pneumonia/influenza was 8th (53,582 or about 2.2%)
B. Septicema was 11th (35,567 or about 1.5%)
Term
Chronic Diseases as Recorded Causes
Definition
A. Two groups of chronic diseases (heart = 25%, cancer
= 23%) accounted for 48% of deaths
B. Chronic Diseases Account for 75% of Recorded Causes of Deaths in US
Term
Estimated Annual Costs (in Billions) of Chronic Diseases and Two of Their Risk Factors
Definition
A. CVD & Stroke ($444 in 2010; CDC, 2012)

B. Diabetes ($174 in 2007; CDC, 2012)

C. Cancer ($226 in 2007; American Cancer Society, 2012)

D. Arthritis ($128 in 2003; Yelin, 2007, Arthritis & Rheumatism)

E. Smoking ($193 in 2004; CDC, 2008)

F. Obesity ($147 in 2008; Finglestein, 2009, Health Affairs)
Term
Men : Highest cancer occurance
Definition
Prostate, Lung, Colon, Lowest among Asian men, Highest among, African American Men
Term
Women : highest cancer occurance
Definition
Breast, Lung, Colon, Highest among white females, lowest among asian females
Term
Life time probability of developing any cacer, and top three for men
Definition
1 in 2, Prostate highest 1 in 6 and then lung, 1 in 13
Term
Life time probability of developing any cancer and top three for women
Definition
1 in 3, Highest for breast, 1 in 8, Lung is 2nd with 1 in 16
Term
Cancer deaths for men and women
Definition
Lung kills 29% men and 26% women, next 9% men prostate cancer, 14% breast cancer women
Term
Trends in 5 year survival rates
Definition
All are growing, Highest for prostate, then skin and breast, lowest for pancreas then lung
Term
Why is the population aging
Definition
1) PH Advances (think PH Achievements)
2) Improved Medical Technology
3) Increased Wealth
Term
Trends in obesity for children
Definition
2-5 year olds decreasing, 6-11 increasing, 12-19 not changing
Term
Trends for obesity for adults
Definition
Increasing to about 35% of total population , higher among women
Term
Screening Tests
A. Used to Detect Conditions and Risk Factors
Definition
1) Detection of Conditions --- Mammogram, Pap Smear, Colonoscopy, PSA, Western Blot
2) Detection of Biological Risk Factors ---- Hypertension, Cholesterol, Blood Glucose, BMI, DNA
3) Detection of Behavioral Risk Factors --- Substance Use, Poor Nutrition, Physical Inactivity
Term
Less education leads to less testing
Definition
Colonoscopy highest with the educated and lowest with those without health insurance
Term
sensitivity
Definition
ability to avoid a false negative (i.e., indicating a negative test result for a person who has condition or risk factor)
Term
specificity
Definition
ability to avoid a false positive (i.e., indicating a positive test result for a person who does not have a condition or risk factor)
Term
QALY
Definition
quality adjusted life years number of life years saved by an intervention
Term
Tuskegee Study, When was it started and when did it end
Definition
Started 1932 with 399 men and 201 controls 1974 end with 10 million dollar settlement
Term
Tuskegee study How man died directly, how many from related complications,
Definition
28 deaths and 100 from related complications
Term
tuskegee study how many women contracted syphilis from the men, how many children
Definition
40 women got it from there tested on partner, 19 children born with it
Term
Dr.Gamble= Legacy of distrust
Definition
(low participation in clinical trials, low rate of donating organs, general sense of discrimination in medical care)
Term
EBCI cherokees diabetis 2 among men and women
Definition
EBCI women = 22% EBCI men = 27% compared to 7% for white men and 8 % for white women
Term
Diabetes disparities among american indian reasons (biomedical model)
Definition
poor diet, physical inactivity, genes, inadequate access to and utilization of health care resources,
Term
EBCI interventions
Definition
education, cultural adaptation, empowerment, allocation of resources, holistic orientation
Term
American indians aged 10-19 have the highest
Definition
type 2 diabetis and the lowest Type 1
Term
American indians are 2.2 times more likely to develop diabetes then whites, and 3 times higher
Definition
than the general population to develop disease
Term
Dibetes dispariteis among american indian reasons (health equity model)
Definition
Poverty, Racism, hopelessness, Historical Trauma, Bad polices,
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