Term
| How does socioeconomic status effect health? |
|
Definition
| Higher status brings safer cooking methods, greater access to health care, healthier living conditions, improved sanitation. Disparities affect health more then absolute value of income. |
|
|
Term
| How does religion affect health? |
|
Definition
| Religious social practices ( abstainence from tobbaco and alcohol and Pork or other high fat foods) Response ( christians reject medical ccare as a response to symptoms) Acceptable interventions: ( prohibition against blood transfusion, End of life treatments, Abortion attitude) |
|
|
Term
| How does culture affect health? |
|
Definition
| Culture induced behavior:(food preferences, vegertarian) Role of exercise, Culture response to symptems ( differences in seeking care, social and family structures providing support) Culture induced intervention acceptability( Acceptance or avoidance of western medicine) |
|
|
Term
| What are the three measure of socio economic status |
|
Definition
| Family income. educational level or parents education level, professional status or parents professional status |
|
|
Term
| Which measure of socioeconomic status shows the strongest association with health outcomes? |
|
Definition
| An indiciduals socioecomic status as an adult |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is half of what it was in the 1960 for Males |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| SIDS is half of what it was in the 1980s |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 80 percent compared to 25percent in the 1970s |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| use increased by 50% during 1990s |
|
|
Term
| Women negative health trend |
|
Definition
| 1960s and up, teenage girls increased cigarette smoking, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Last three decades have seen increased food intake, double the obesity resulting in 1/3 obese in america |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Directly involve an individual, individual can change, like ciggertte smoking, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Result from the relationship of an individual with a larger group or population such as peer pressure to smoke, or taxation level on ciggerttes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| social structures and policies like government sponsored programs that encourage tobacco production. |
|
|
Term
| Transtheoretical Model Stages |
|
Definition
| PCPAM, Precontemplation, contemplation, Preparation, Action, Maintenance |
|
|
Term
| Contemplation (Motivate Change) |
|
Definition
| Individual thinks actively about the health risk and action required to reduce that risk. |
|
|
Term
| Preparation (Plan Change) |
|
Definition
| Prepares for action including developing aplan and setting and a time table |
|
|
Term
| Action (Reinforce change) |
|
Definition
| Observable changes in behavior with potential for relapse |
|
|
Term
| Maintenance (Main change) |
|
Definition
| New behavior needs to be consolidated as part of permanent life style change |
|
|
Term
| Diffusion of Innovation Theory |
|
Definition
| Adoption of new behaviors requires a series of phases or steps |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| those who seek to experiment with innovative ideas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| opion leaders whose social status frequently influences others to adopt the behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| those who need support and encouragement to make adoption as easy as possible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Funded by CDC centers for disease control and prevention and advertised that exercise is cool to 9-13
year olds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used TV and the aspect of coolness and fun associated with exercising |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lack of access to facilities to exercise, negative images of competition, embarrassment to exercise, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| applying morals or values to areas of potential conflict, Health law policy and ethics . |
|
|
Term
| Bioethic examples of issues |
|
Definition
| End of life care, stem cell research, abortion, protection of research subjects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the processes that must be undertaken to deprive an individual of a right |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The grounds for depriving an indicidual of a right. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produced by executive agencies of the federal state and local governments in order to implement legislative statutes. Determine eligibility, levels of reimbursment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Us Constitution band the constitutions of the 50 states. |
|
|
Term
| Judical Law or Common Law |
|
Definition
| law made by courts when applying constitutional , statutory or administrative law to specific cases. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| written by legislative bodies . Things like retuarant inspection, prohibition on activities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Views health care as an economic good not a social resource |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Requires active government involvement in health services delivery instead of assuming free market conditions for health care services delivery |
|
|
Term
| 1948 addition to Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Constitution of the WHO |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Health care providers do not have an obligation to provide health services |
|
|
Term
| Treatment for Emergency Medical Conditions and Women in Labor Act EMTALA |
|
Definition
| made in 1986, provides a right to emergency medical care usually provided through hospital emergency departments |
|
|
Term
| Protections for Human research Subjects |
|
Definition
| Nuremberg Code, Belmont Report, IRBs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The voluntary consent of human subject, Experiment should yield results for the good of society, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The national commission for the protection of human subjects of biomedical and behavioral research, PRODUCED the belmont report which focused on the key issues of defining informed consent and selection of participants , Led to the development of the Institutional review boards IRBS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| institutional review boards, approve most human research. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Syphilis study used disadvantaged rural black men to study the untreated course of syphilis, were misled into believing that they were receiving effective treatment, they were provided deceptive information in order to retain them in the study, Deprived of penicillin treatment in order not to interrupt the research. Led to creation of the national commission for the protection of human subjects of biomedical and behavioral research |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Doctors infected soldiers, prostitutes, prisoners and mental patients with syphilis and other sexually transmitted diseases, without the informed consent of the subjects, and treated most subjects with antibiotics. This resulted in at least 83 deaths.[2] In October 2010, the U.S. formally apologized to Guatemala for conducting these experiments |
|
|
Term
| Epidemiological transition |
|
Definition
| The transition from communicable diseases being the main cause of death to Chronic conditions being the main cause of death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| effective treatment is cheap and screening is free of harms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cheap screening and effective and cheap treatment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| COSTLY treatment and ineffectiver screening, 2nd most common fatal cancer among women, most common for women over 70 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| highest false positive rate, Costly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2nd most common fatal cancer in men and 3rd in women, Costly testing and treatment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| leading cancer, not very fatal |
|
|
Term
| Prevalance of Chronic conditions |
|
Definition
| about 45% have at least one chronic condition and 20% have two |
|
|
Term
| . Most Common Chronic Conditions among Adults |
|
Definition
1) respiratory 2) hypertension
3) arthritis 4) depression |
|
|
Term
| Among 15 Leading Recorded Causes of Death in U.S. in 2009, All But Two Were Chronic Diseases |
|
Definition
A. Pneumonia/influenza was 8th (53,582 or about 2.2%)
B. Septicema was 11th (35,567 or about 1.5%) |
|
|
Term
| Chronic Diseases as Recorded Causes |
|
Definition
A. Two groups of chronic diseases (heart = 25%, cancer
= 23%) accounted for 48% of deaths
B. Chronic Diseases Account for 75% of Recorded Causes of Deaths in US |
|
|
Term
| Estimated Annual Costs (in Billions) of Chronic Diseases and Two of Their Risk Factors |
|
Definition
A. CVD & Stroke ($444 in 2010; CDC, 2012)
B. Diabetes ($174 in 2007; CDC, 2012)
C. Cancer ($226 in 2007; American Cancer Society, 2012)
D. Arthritis ($128 in 2003; Yelin, 2007, Arthritis & Rheumatism)
E. Smoking ($193 in 2004; CDC, 2008)
F. Obesity ($147 in 2008; Finglestein, 2009, Health Affairs) |
|
|
Term
| Men : Highest cancer occurance |
|
Definition
| Prostate, Lung, Colon, Lowest among Asian men, Highest among, African American Men |
|
|
Term
| Women : highest cancer occurance |
|
Definition
| Breast, Lung, Colon, Highest among white females, lowest among asian females |
|
|
Term
| Life time probability of developing any cacer, and top three for men |
|
Definition
| 1 in 2, Prostate highest 1 in 6 and then lung, 1 in 13 |
|
|
Term
| Life time probability of developing any cancer and top three for women |
|
Definition
| 1 in 3, Highest for breast, 1 in 8, Lung is 2nd with 1 in 16 |
|
|
Term
| Cancer deaths for men and women |
|
Definition
| Lung kills 29% men and 26% women, next 9% men prostate cancer, 14% breast cancer women |
|
|
Term
| Trends in 5 year survival rates |
|
Definition
| All are growing, Highest for prostate, then skin and breast, lowest for pancreas then lung |
|
|
Term
| Why is the population aging |
|
Definition
1) PH Advances (think PH Achievements)
2) Improved Medical Technology
3) Increased Wealth |
|
|
Term
| Trends in obesity for children |
|
Definition
| 2-5 year olds decreasing, 6-11 increasing, 12-19 not changing |
|
|
Term
| Trends for obesity for adults |
|
Definition
| Increasing to about 35% of total population , higher among women |
|
|
Term
Screening Tests
A. Used to Detect Conditions and Risk Factors |
|
Definition
1) Detection of Conditions --- Mammogram, Pap Smear, Colonoscopy, PSA, Western Blot
2) Detection of Biological Risk Factors ---- Hypertension, Cholesterol, Blood Glucose, BMI, DNA
3) Detection of Behavioral Risk Factors --- Substance Use, Poor Nutrition, Physical Inactivity |
|
|
Term
| Less education leads to less testing |
|
Definition
| Colonoscopy highest with the educated and lowest with those without health insurance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability to avoid a false negative (i.e., indicating a negative test result for a person who has condition or risk factor) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability to avoid a false positive (i.e., indicating a positive test result for a person who does not have a condition or risk factor) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| quality adjusted life years number of life years saved by an intervention |
|
|
Term
| Tuskegee Study, When was it started and when did it end |
|
Definition
| Started 1932 with 399 men and 201 controls 1974 end with 10 million dollar settlement |
|
|
Term
| Tuskegee study How man died directly, how many from related complications, |
|
Definition
| 28 deaths and 100 from related complications |
|
|
Term
| tuskegee study how many women contracted syphilis from the men, how many children |
|
Definition
| 40 women got it from there tested on partner, 19 children born with it |
|
|
Term
| Dr.Gamble= Legacy of distrust |
|
Definition
| (low participation in clinical trials, low rate of donating organs, general sense of discrimination in medical care) |
|
|
Term
| EBCI cherokees diabetis 2 among men and women |
|
Definition
| EBCI women = 22% EBCI men = 27% compared to 7% for white men and 8 % for white women |
|
|
Term
| Diabetes disparities among american indian reasons (biomedical model) |
|
Definition
| poor diet, physical inactivity, genes, inadequate access to and utilization of health care resources, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| education, cultural adaptation, empowerment, allocation of resources, holistic orientation |
|
|
Term
| American indians aged 10-19 have the highest |
|
Definition
| type 2 diabetis and the lowest Type 1 |
|
|
Term
| American indians are 2.2 times more likely to develop diabetes then whites, and 3 times higher |
|
Definition
| than the general population to develop disease |
|
|
Term
| Dibetes dispariteis among american indian reasons (health equity model) |
|
Definition
| Poverty, Racism, hopelessness, Historical Trauma, Bad polices, |
|
|
