Term
| What are the 3 reasons for pruning trees? |
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Definition
| Safety, health, and aesthetic |
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Term
| What are the 5 rules for pruning trees? |
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Definition
| Keep 2/3rds of leaves and branches on tree, don't remove more than 1/3rd of branches in a year, remove branches that are greater than 50% of the diameter of the trunk, pruning branches that are around 1", and only making 5 cuts a year |
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Term
| What are the ABCs of winter pruning? |
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Definition
A - Assess the main (leader) branch of the tree
B - Bad branches
C - Competing branches with the main or branches that are growing near the same spot on the tree |
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Term
| What is a field of plant science that's concerned with the selection, planting, and care of trees, shrubs, and vines? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are also known as urban foresters, they are employed by cities/towns, and are employees/contractors that help maintain public trees? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who provides a spectrum of services like planting, pruning, removal, and tree health for a fee? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who manages trees located in utility rights-of-ways and are usually employed by utility companies or by vegetation management contractors? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why would you hire an arborist? |
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Definition
| They have more extensive knowledge about pruning, tree removal, emergency tree care, and planting |
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Term
| Why are certified arborists the best ones to hire? |
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Definition
| They must have continuing education to maintain their certification, so they are more up-to-date |
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Term
| What trees are the most high risk? |
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Definition
| Trees that can fall on utility lines/poles |
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Term
| What are 9 things you should identify as a tree risk? |
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Definition
| Large dead branches/wood, mushrooms on or at base of tree, frost cracks, conditions of nearby trees, strong lean in trunk, main branches coming from same location, recent construction near tree, unhealthy-looking leaves, and heavy pruning |
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Term
| What are 7 defects or signs of defects in urban trees? |
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Definition
| Electrical line near tree, broken/dying branches, open cavity in trunk, branches growing from the same spot, decay, and construction |
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Term
| What are 5 defects in rural trees? |
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Definition
| Recent construction, previous tree failure in area, tree leaning, forked trunk, and wet areas with shallow soil |
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Term
| What are 5 ways that you can manage tree risk? |
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Definition
| Remove what a leaning tree may fall on, prune it, cable/brace the tree, routine care, and removing the tree |
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Term
| How do trees benefit wastewater treatment? |
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Definition
| Trees reduce runoff by taking in water |
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Term
| How do trees benefit street departments? |
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Definition
| Tree shade reduces damage to pavement |
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Term
| What are 4 ways trees benefit the economy? |
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Definition
| People have less sick days, visitors will travel further to nicer tree areas, they will spend more for products, and the rate of rentals increases |
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Term
| What are 4 ways trees benefit health? |
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Definition
| Reduces asthma, increased birthweights, people are likely to be active/healthy and live longer, and shorter recovery time for people in hospitals |
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Term
| What are 2 ways trees benefit schools? |
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Definition
| Helps kids with ADHD have less symptoms and college students score higher on attention tests |
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Term
| What are 4 ways trees benefit traffic? |
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Definition
| Can cut traffic noise by half, less car accidents, people drive slower, and lowers temperature on urban heat islands |
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Term
| What 2 ways can trees help city administration? |
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Definition
| Better relations between people/stronger communities and they usually save more money than they cost |
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Term
| What are 3 ways trees benefit parks and recreation? |
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Definition
| People have better moods in greener parks, improves wellbeing while exercising outdoors, and children are at a healthier weight |
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Term
| What are 3 ways trees benefit police? |
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Definition
| Less violent/non-violent crime, less vandalism, and less littering |
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Term
| What 7 things should be considered when planting a new tree? |
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Definition
| Size, deciduous or coniferous, shape, growth rate, sun/soil/moisture, fruit, and hardiness zone |
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Term
| How many gallons of water should be used right after planting? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many gallons should you use when you water after the first 10 gallon watering? |
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Definition
| 1-2 gallons per inch of tree trunk |
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Term
| How often should you water trees in the first 2 growing seasons? |
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Definition
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Term
| How thick should mulch be applied after planting a tree? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 4 ways mulch benefit new trees? |
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Definition
| Regulates temperature, regulates moisture, improves soil structure, and increases soil fertility |
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Term
| What is associated with winter dormancy in all perennial plants? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the chemical that triggers winter dormancy in plants? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the corky layer of cells between the petiole and woody parts of the plant that slows the transport of water and carbohydrates, which causes the creation of chlorophyll to slow? |
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Definition
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Term
| What 2 things cause a leaf to have red fall color? |
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Definition
| Red pigments and acidic sap |
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Term
| What 2 things cause a leaf to have purple fall color? |
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Definition
| Red pigment and less acidic sap than red leaves |
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Term
| What causes a leaf to have yellow fall color? |
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Definition
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Term
| What causes a leaf to have pink fall color? |
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Definition
| A balance of all pigments |
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Term
| What causes a leaf to have brown fall color? |
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Definition
| Tannin buildup in leaves (waste product) |
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Term
| What weather event will stop production of red pigments? |
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Definition
| Below freezing temperatures |
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Term
| What causes leaves to change to fall color quickly by destroying chlorophyll? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do you get the best fall color formation? |
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Definition
| Sunny days and cool nights |
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Term
| How do cloudy days and warm nights affect fall color? |
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Definition
| Chlorophyll breaks down more slowly so red pigment isn't formed quickly enough |
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Term
| How does rainy and/or windy weather affect fall leaf displays? |
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Definition
| It causes leaves to fall off faster |
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Term
| How does dry weather affect fall color? |
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Definition
| Causes greater buildup of sugars, the red pigment is more brilliant |
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Term
| What part of Iowa has fall color first? |
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Definition
| Northeast (around Oct. 10th) |
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Term
| In the 10-20-30 rule what does the 10 mean? |
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Definition
| No more than 10% of one species |
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Term
| In the 10-20-30 rule what does the 20 mean? |
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Definition
| No more than 20% from the same genus |
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Term
| In the 10-20-30 rule what does the 30 mean? |
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Definition
| No more than 30% from the same family |
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Term
| What is a limitation of the 10-20-30 rule? |
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Definition
| Doesn't take into account insects that have a broad host range |
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Term
| What's regarded as the best time to prune trees? |
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Definition
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Term
| What 4 trees bleed sap from pruning, but it can be prevented by doing it in early summer to mid summer? |
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Definition
| Maple, elm, birch, and fruitless mulberries |
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Term
| What are the 2 worst seasons to prune trees? Why? |
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Definition
| Spring, because energy reserves are at their lowest. Fall, because new roots are forming |
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Term
| Where should pruning cuts be made? |
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Definition
| Just past the branch collar and branch bark ridge |
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Term
| What side of the branch should the initial cut be made? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why shouldn't you cut into the branch collar and branch bark ridge? |
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Definition
| It destroys the protection zone of the branch leaving it open to disease/pests |
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Term
| Why shouldn't you remove a large branch in one cut? |
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Definition
| It's harder for the tree to heal it |
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Term
| When is cutting straight through a branch acceptable? |
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Definition
| When the branch is 1" or less in thickness |
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Term
| What technique should you use to cut branches larger than 1"? |
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Definition
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Term
| Initial cut 6-12" from trunk about a 1/3 or half through the limb, second cut is 1" farther out, the weight causing the branch to fall, then make the final cut outside the branch collar. What is this technique called? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do you avoid using wound dressings on trees? |
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Definition
| Prune when insects and diseases aren't active |
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Term
| What non-phytotoxic wound dressing can be used on oaks and elms in spring and early summer? |
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Definition
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Term
| When should the first tree pruning be? |
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Definition
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Term
| How much of tree height should be left as the crown? |
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Definition
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Term
| How far apart should major limbs be on large shade trees? |
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Definition
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Term
| How far apart should major limbs be on smaller trees? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why should you remove a branch that has inward facing bark at the junction with the trunk? |
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Definition
| The branch is weakly attached |
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Term
| T/F You should top a tree when necessary. |
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Definition
| False, topping is removing the top of the tree and creates an opening for disease/pests |
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Term
| When should conifers and coniferous shrubs be pruned? |
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Definition
| Late winter when buds are dormant |
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Term
| Where should you prune conifers and coniferous shrubs? |
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Definition
| Above a side bud or side branch |
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Term
| Why are pines, spruces, and firs pruned in June and July to control growth? |
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Definition
| That's when they are in the candle stage (lighter new growth) |
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Term
| How much of a pine/spruce/fir candle should you remove to make the plant more compact? |
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Definition
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Term
| When should arborvitae, yews, and junipers be pruned? |
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Definition
| Late dormant period before new growth |
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Term
| Why shouldn't you prune arborvitae, yews, and junipers in fall and winter? |
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Definition
| It can cause tip die-back |
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Term
| What are 2 reasons why shearing is bad for arborvitae, yews, and junipers? |
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Definition
| It creates excessive terminal growth that shades the inside of the plant and if they are cut back too far, no new growth will appear |
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Term
| What are 4 reasons to prune ornamental shrubs? |
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Definition
| Training a plant, plant health, improving quality, and restricting growth |
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Term
| Why would you sanitize pruning shears with alcohol or dilute bleach? |
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Definition
| Cutting into diseased wood |
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Term
| Why would you remove a terminal bud? |
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Definition
| To create growth of more lateral buds |
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Term
| Which branching habit would you make a cut at a 45 degree angle? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which branching habit would you cut straight across? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of cut is cutting a shoot/limb back to a bud or existing shoot? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of cut promotes branching and an increase in the number of new shoots? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of cut is removing a stem or branch completely? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of cut opens up the canopy and increases light penetration and air circulation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What's it called when a branch is removed at ground level? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of cut reduces the size of the plant without changing its form? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do plants produce to cover wounds? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is pruning in late summer not recommended for roses? |
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Definition
| It stimulates new growth that won't have time to harden off before winter causing injury |
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Term
| What is the tip of a shoot called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What's a drastic method of treating overgrown shrubs by cutting them 6 inches from the ground? |
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Definition
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Term
| What's a shoot that arises from the root system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the growth of a branch in one season? |
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Definition
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Term
| What should you use to sharpen pruning tools? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do you treat wooden hand tool handles with to prevent splintering and cracking? |
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Definition
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Term
| How large of a diameter can pruning shears handle? |
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Definition
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Term
| How large of a diameter can lopping shears handle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What tool is used for cutting tree branches that are high up? |
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Definition
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Term
| When should you prune roses? |
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Definition
| Spring, after removing winter cover |
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