Term
| Some things involved in a forage system |
|
Definition
-soil and its characteristics
-the plant
-the animal that eats the plant |
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Term
|
Definition
| forage directly eaten by the animal |
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|
Term
| Types of animal harvested forages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pasture forage usually includes... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| range forage usually includes... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Types of machine harvested forage |
|
Definition
-fresh harvested
-preserved harvested |
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|
Term
| Some types of fresh harvested forages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some types of preserved harvested forages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wet forage that's harvested and wrapped in plastic to be silage |
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|
Term
| Some types of forage lands |
|
Definition
-forages on crop land
-permanent pastureland |
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|
Term
| Example of forages on crop land |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Forages can be harvested for ______ or... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conservation reserve program |
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|
Term
| Range lands made mostly of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| distribution of land use in the United States |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Distribution of farmland in US, the darker the higher % of land |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Lots of farmland around Mississippi River because of... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Lots of farmland in Coastal Plain and Great Plains due to... |
|
Definition
| the land being flat and suitable for farming |
|
|
Term
| Map of US showing % of farmland as pastureland, the darker the higher % |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 factors that help define a forage program |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Map of US showing % of farmland that’s harvested forages, the darker, the higher % |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Some forage-livestock industries in GA |
|
Definition
-beef
-dairy
-cash hay
-horses
-sheep and goats |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-Cow/calf
-Grassfed finishing |
|
|
Term
| types of dairy in Georgia |
|
Definition
-Confinement
-Grazing-based |
|
|
Term
| types of cash hay in Georgia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the dominant species of cash hay in Georgia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some details about Bermudagrass |
|
Definition
| -Not native, it withstands harsh weather
-Low quality; it’s a C4 grass |
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|
Term
| this drives the components of the forage-livestock system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| historical grasslands in the US |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the predominant shrub out West |
|
Definition
| alitrax, which is not that great for livestock |
|
|
Term
| one type of tall grass in the Midwest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ideal amount of acres per cow/calf pair |
|
Definition
| You want somewhere around 1-1.5 acres per cow/calf pair |
|
|
Term
| current grasslands in the US |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one detail about the climate in the shrub/steppe region |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| this state is considered the grass seed capital of the world |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some plants that are good for livestock |
|
Definition
| Lots of alfalfa and forage and such are good for livestock |
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|
Term
| when fescue provides forage |
|
Definition
| when Bermudagrass is dormant |
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|
Term
| when Bermudagrass is dormant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Forages are important in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why concentrates need to be reduced |
|
Definition
| because concentrates are more expensive than forages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it seems that concentrates are materials diverted away from people |
|
|
Term
| the dairies that are more environmentally friendly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a forage that's a good source of protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Jefferson brought alfalfa to the US in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cheaper to produce animals on ______ than on ______ |
|
Definition
forages
corn and concentrate |
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|
Term
| Components of a forage system |
|
Definition
-soil
-forage plants
-production characteristics
-grazing animals |
|
|
Term
| depiction of the cycling between the components of a forage system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some important characteristics of soil |
|
Definition
-Texture
-Structure
-Cation exchange capacity
-Water holding capacity
-Depth
-Parent material
-Tolerance of animal or equipment traffic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relative proportions of sand, silt, or clay |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| arrangement of soil particles into groupings (granular, blocky) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| because it makes it hard for plants; problem on clay soil |
|
|
Term
| soil on which compaction is a problem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why the soil here is acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some factors to consider when growing forage plants |
|
Definition
-Water
-Nutrients
-Atmospheric gases
-Sunlight
-Temperature |
|
|
Term
| Some factors in the regrowth of forage plants |
|
Definition
-Residual leaf area
-Stored reserves |
|
|
Term
| why residual leaf area is important |
|
Definition
| because it needs to be able to grow back |
|
|
Term
| Some things that affect the yield, persistence, and composition of a forage |
|
Definition
-Plant species – Cultivar choice
-Stress and disease tolerances; important for resistance
-Cell wall structure – Cell and tissue types
-Maturity
-Bloat inducing?
-Presence of deleterious compounds? |
|
|
Term
| something legumes can cause in animals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how many years that plant is out there |
|
|
Term
| Some things to consider regarding animal utilization in forage systems |
|
Definition
-Animal nutritional needs
-Seasonal forage distribution
-Palatability (weather the animal like it or not)
-Species composition (important for pastures)
-Growth and removal rates |
|
|
Term
| Some problems with overgrazing |
|
Definition
-Intake limited
-Low animal gain and production
-Low $ return per acre |
|
|
Term
| Some problems with undergrazing |
|
Definition
-Old forage has low nutritive value
-Selective grazing
-Low $ return per acre |
|
|
Term
| some things a good forage system will do |
|
Definition
-Match animal nutritional needs throughout the year
-Optimize animal production for forage produced
-Produce environmental benefits
-Provide wildlife cover and recreational opportunities |
|
|
Term
| why you want complementary forage species in a forage program |
|
Definition
| you want them for year around grazing or production |
|
|
Term
| why you want grass/legume mixtures in a forage program |
|
Definition
| because they can decrease fertilizer costs while optimizing nutritive value and seasonal distribution of production |
|
|
Term
| how a good forage system produces environmental benefits |
|
Definition
-Limit soil erosion
-improve soil structure
-conserve water
-improve water quality |
|
|
Term
| EFFECT OF SPECIES RICHNESS ON GRASSLAND PRODUCTIVITY |
|
Definition
[image]
The reason the increase is not linear is because of competition |
|
|
Term
| productivity of individual species vs. species richness |
|
Definition
| Productivity of individual species goes down when there’s more species richness |
|
|
Term
| Some characteristics of natural grasslands |
|
Definition
-Native species predominate
-Species diverse
-Eveness of species (basically, the species know how to live with each other)
-Limited by water supply
-Low-input management (such tools include fire and grazing)
-Fragile ecosystem
-Extensive management
-Cow-calf best use |
|
|
Term
| Some characteristics of improved pastures |
|
Definition
-Introduced species
-Few species
-Dominant species
-Limited by nutrients
-High-input management
-Robust ecosystem
-Multiple livestock enterprises |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| species know how to live with each other |
|
|
Term
| some details about high input management |
|
Definition
-nutrients
-water
-overseeding
-grazing |
|
|
Term
| some livestock enterprises in improved pastures |
|
Definition
-cow/calf
-stocker
-dairy
-equine |
|
|
Term
| the biggest growth opportunities for improved pastures in Georgia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one of the consequences of turning natural grasslands into arable land |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Wind erosion is one of the consequences of... |
|
Definition
| turning natural grasslands into arable land |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| because it makes it hard for plants; problem on clay soil |
|
|
Term
| soil on which compaction is a problem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why the soil here is acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some factors to consider when growing forage plants |
|
Definition
-Water
-Nutrients
-Atmospheric gases
-Sunlight
-Temperature |
|
|
Term
| Some factors in the regrowth of forage plants |
|
Definition
-Residual leaf area
-Stored reserves |
|
|
Term
| why residual leaf area is important |
|
Definition
| because it needs to be able to grow back |
|
|
Term
| Some things that affect the yield, persistence, and composition of a forage |
|
Definition
-Plant species – Cultivar choice
-Stress and disease tolerances; important for resistance
-Cell wall structure – Cell and tissue types
-Maturity
-Bloat inducing?
-Presence of deleterious compounds? |
|
|
Term
| something legumes can cause in animals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how many years that plant is out there |
|
|
Term
| Some things to consider regarding animal utilization in forage systems |
|
Definition
-Animal nutritional needs
-Seasonal forage distribution
-Palatability (weather the animal like it or not)
-Species composition (important for pastures)
-Growth and removal rates |
|
|
Term
| Some problems with overgrazing |
|
Definition
-Intake limited
-Low animal gain and production
-Low $ return per acre |
|
|
Term
| Some problems with undergrazing |
|
Definition
-Old forage has low nutritive value
-Selective grazing
-Low $ return per acre |
|
|
Term
| some things a good forage system will do |
|
Definition
-Match animal nutritional needs throughout the year
-Optimize animal production for forage produced
-Produce environmental benefits
-Provide wildlife cover and recreational opportunities |
|
|
Term
| why you want complementary forage species in a forage program |
|
Definition
| you want them for year around grazing or production |
|
|
Term
| why you want grass/legume mixtures in a forage program |
|
Definition
| because they can decrease fertilizer costs while optimizing nutritive value and seasonal distribution of production |
|
|
Term
| how a good forage system produces environmental benefits |
|
Definition
-Limit soil erosion
-improve soil structure
-conserve water
-improve water quality |
|
|
Term
| EFFECT OF SPECIES RICHNESS ON GRASSLAND PRODUCTIVITY |
|
Definition
[image]
The reason the increase is not linear is because of competition |
|
|
Term
| productivity of individual species vs. species richness |
|
Definition
| Productivity of individual species goes down when there’s more species richness |
|
|
Term
| Some characteristics of natural grasslands |
|
Definition
-Native species predominate
-Species diverse
-Eveness of species (basically, the species know how to live with each other)
-Limited by water supply
-Low-input management (such tools include fire and grazing)
-Fragile ecosystem
-Extensive management
-Cow-calf best use |
|
|
Term
| Some characteristics of improved pastures |
|
Definition
-Introduced species
-Few species
-Dominant species
-Limited by nutrients
-High-input management
-Robust ecosystem
-Multiple livestock enterprises |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| species know how to live with each other |
|
|
Term
| some details about high input management |
|
Definition
-nutrients
-water
-overseeding
-grazing |
|
|
Term
| some livestock enterprises in improved pastures |
|
Definition
-cow/calf
-stocker
-dairy
-equine |
|
|
Term
| the biggest growth opportunities for improved pastures in Georgia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one of the consequences of turning natural grasslands into arable land |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Wind erosion is one of the consequences of... |
|
Definition
| turning natural grasslands into arable land |
|
|
Term
| the type of grasslands that have more species diversity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why weather and climate are important variables in a forage system |
|
Definition
| because the choice of species is very important in that regard |
|
|
Term
| why the number of frost free days is important in forage selection |
|
Definition
| because this is related to the needed hardiness and cold tolerance of the pants |
|
|
Term
| when cool season grasses reproduce |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when warm season grasses reproduce |
|
Definition
| when the days get shorter |
|
|
Term
| which tyope of grass has longer growing season? cool season or warm season? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why it’s not worth it to grow warm season grasses in Mahattan, KS |
|
Definition
| because of such a short growing season |
|
|
Term
| is tall fescue a cool or warm season grass? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is bermudagrass a cool or warm season grass? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the typical yield distribution of tall fescue and other cool season grasses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what tall fescue will do if you don't harvest it at peak yield |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the typical yield distribution of bermudagrass and other warm season grasses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what warm season grasses do in response to day shortening and why |
|
Definition
| Warm season grasses go dormant when they sense day shortening because they’re not able to tolerate cold |
|
|
Term
| why we have to have multiple species in a forage program |
|
Definition
because that maximizes yield
[image] |
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|
