• existence of social condition (objective)
• harmful to society and should be changed (subjective)

• Institutions-established/enduring relationships

ex) family, religion, politics, economic, education

• Social groups-2+ ppl who have common identity, interact, and form social relationship

ex) family, friends (primary) & task-oriented church, school, work (secondary)

• Status-achieved or ascribed (roles, obligations, expectations)

• Beliefs- definitions/explanations about what is assumed to be true
• Values-social agreements about good/bad, right/wrong
• Norms-rules for behavior, expectations
• Symbols-something that represents something else (language)

• Mills
• connections btw personal lives and social world
• distinguish "private troubles" and "public issues"

• society interconnected
• work together in harmony
• maintain balance and social equilibrium

• society composed fo different groups/interests
• competition for power and resources

• microsociology
• human behavior influenced by definitions/meanings
• meaning created through interaction with others

1. Formulate research question
2. Review literature
3. Define variables
4. Formulate hypothesis

• manipulate independent variable
• see how it affects dependent variable

• get information through questioning ppl

• observe/study social behavior in natural settings

• already collected by researchers/gov agencies
• historical documents
• police reports
• school records
• official records (marriage, birth, death)

• movements when social change is realized
• organized group of ppl with common purpose
• promote or resist social change through collective action

• Morbidity-directly affecting life
• Life expectancy
• Mortality rates-under 5 child, infant, maternal

Maternal mortality rates vary most btw developed and developing countries

• conflict perspective
• Companies don't spend for public health needs but to maximize profit
• Developing countries lack resources, so compaies don't see investing in poor countries as profitable

• Afrcia
• particularly sub-Saharan Africa
• 1 in 20 adults infected with HIV

• Tabacco #1
• Obesity#2
• Obesity leads to heart disease, hypertension, diabetes

• shame/embarrassment discourage talking and acknowledgement
• men prone to deny/ignore mental problems

• increased travel
• expansion of trade/transnational corporations

• higher levels of saturated fat in corn-fed beef
• antibiotics in feed-->super-resistant bacterial infections
• Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (mad cow)
• growth hormones in milk
• E. coli contamination
• water and air pollution from animal manure

Selective Primary Healthcare:

• focuses to target specific health problems (promote condom-use to prevent AIDS)

Comprehensive Primary Healthcare:

• focuses on broad determinants of health (poverty, economic inequality, gender in equality, environment, community development)

1. Create universal health program
2. Expand existing government health insurance programs
3. Implement tax incentives to make private insurance more affordable

Any chemical substance that

1. has direct effect on physical, psychological, intellectual functioning
2. has potential to be abused
3. has adverse consequences for individual or society

Structural Functionist:

Drugs

• Drug use is response to weakening norms of society
• anomie (normlessness)

Conflict Perspective:

Drugs

• response to inequality in capitalist system
• response to alienation from work, family, friends

Symbolic Interactionist:

Drugs

• If drug defined as pleasureable, drug use recurs
• Over time, individual earns the label "drug user"

• Alcohol is most commonly used and abused legal drug
• Use of tobacco products also high
• Marijuana is most commonly used illicit drug

• Cost to family (divorce, spouse/child abuse and neglect)
• Crime
• Economic costs (loss of productivity)
• Health costs (shorter life expectancy, higher morbidity, HIV, hepatitis)

• Inpatient-outpatient model-medical supervision of detoxification
• Twelve-step programs (AA, NA)
• Therapeutic communities-residential facilities to redefine themselves

• Government regulations limiting use and distribution
• Sanctions (consequences) for those who violate
• Legal actions holding companies responsible for consequences of their products (tobacco)

• All societies have crime and processes to deal with it
• police, courts, correctional facilities
• Most criminals are young males
• Theft is most common
• Murder is least common

• Official statistics (FBI's Unifor Crime Reports) published annually
• Victimization surveys-crime that official statistics miss
• Self-report Studies-investigators question

• Blames schism between culture and structure of society for crime
• Anomie
• Structure of society limits legitimate means of getting culturally defined goals ($) leads to crime
• "Strain" leads to crime
• Ppl adapt to inconsistency btw goals and means
• opportunity only for some

• defined by FBI
• Violent crime-murder, robbery, assault, rape
• Property crime-larceny, car theft, burglary, arson

• Occupational crime-committed in course of one's occupation; individual gain
• Corporate crime-corporations violate law to maximize profit

• Individual and institutional bias against minorities
• Not causally related

• Direct costs (buildings lost to arson, polluted environment)
• Costs of transferring of property (embezzlement)
• Criminal violence (medical treatment for victims)
• Costs of production and sale of illegal goods/services
• Cost of prevention/protection (safes, locks)
• Cost of criminal justice system (law enforcement, judicial activities)

• 35 states have death penalty
• 34 of them use lethal injection

• Monogamy
• Polygamy
• Same-sex couples
• Norms in childbearing and women/men roles

• Incresed singlehood
• Older age at first marriage
• Cohabitation
• Living apart together
• Unmarried births
• Divorce/blended families
• Increased employment of married mothers

• Conflict perspective
• Concerned with how gender inequality influences and results from family patterns

1. Common couple violence (occasional from arguments "getting out of hand"
2. Intimate terrorism (motivated by wish to control partner)
3. Violent resistance (self-defense)
4. Mutual violent control (both battling for control)

• Reasons to stay (love, emotional dependency, deserved, guilt, fear, hope, economic dependency, loneliness)
• Fear of abuse/neglect of a pet

Lower measures of:

• academic success
• psychological adjustment
• self-concept
• social competence
• long-term health

Higher levels of agression and depression

• Divorcing couples meet with neutral thrid party
• Mediator helps resolve property division, child custody/support
• Minimize conflict, encourage cooperation

• Increased risk of poverty for single mother and children
• Risk of poor health outcomes for babies
• Risk of dropping out of school
• Low academic achievement of their children

• European-provide widespread confidential contraceptive services to adolescents
• US-sex education emphasizing abstinence; no access to contraception
• More effective if US taught about STDs, HIV/AIDS, contraception, disease/pregnancy prevention