Term
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Definition
| Personality is an individual's unique pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that persists over time and across situations. Stable over time. |
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Term
| What are the three levels of the mind, according to Freud? |
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Definition
| The conscious, the pre-conscious, and the unconscious. |
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Term
| What are the three parts of personality, according to Freud? |
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Definition
| The id, ego and superego. |
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Term
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Definition
| The collection of unconscious urges and desires that continually seek expression. Freudian. |
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Term
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Definition
| The mediator between the id and the superego. The everyday personality. Freudian. |
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Term
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Definition
| The social and parental standards that the individual has internalized. Freudian. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ideas, thoughts, and feelings of which we are aware according to Freud. |
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Term
| What is the pre-conscious? |
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Definition
| Material that can be easily recalled. |
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Term
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Definition
| Thoughts well below the surface of awareness. |
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Term
| What is a defense mechanism? |
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Definition
| Psychological strategies to cope with reality and to maintain self-image. |
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Term
| What are the defense mechanisms that Freud mentions? |
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Definition
| Regression, rationalization, projection, displacement, reaction formation, sublimation, repression |
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Term
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Definition
| Defense mechanism. Retreating to an earlier stage of development. |
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Term
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Definition
| Defense mechanism. Unconsciously giving socially acceptable reasons for one's inappropriate behavior or thoughts |
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Term
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Definition
| Defense mechanism. Involves attributing one's own undesirable feelings to other people. |
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Term
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Definition
| Defense mechanism. Expressing feelings toward a person (or thing) who is less threatening than the person who is the true target of those feelings. |
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Term
| What is reaction formation? |
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Definition
| Defense mechanism. A tendency to act in a manner opposite to one's true feelings. |
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Term
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Definition
| Defense mechanism. Expressing sexual or aggressive impulses through indirect, socially acceptable outlets. |
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Term
| What are the stages of psycho-sexual development? |
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Definition
| The oral stage (0-2), anal stage (2-4), phallic stage (4-7), latency stage (7-puberty), genital stage (puberty-) |
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Term
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Definition
| First stage in personality development, in which the infant's erotic feelings center on the mouth, lips and tongue. 0-2. |
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Term
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Definition
| Second stage in personality development. A child's erotic feelings center on the anus and on elimination. |
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Term
| What is the phallic stage? |
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Definition
| The third stage in personality development. Erotic feelings center on the genitals. (3 to 5). |
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Term
| What is the latency period? |
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Definition
| A period in which the child appears to have no interest in the other sex. (5 to puberty.) |
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Term
| What is the genital stage? |
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Definition
| The final stage of normal adult sexual development, which is usually marked by mature sexuality. Puberty to adulthood. |
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Term
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Definition
| An abnormal state in which development has stopped prematurely according to Freud. |
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Term
| What are the major critiques of Freud's theory? |
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Definition
| Freud's experiences affected his theory; lifelong development occurs in life; we have peer influence, besides parental influence; it's difficult to prove or disprove Freud's theory |
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Term
| What is Carl Jung's theory of the collective unconscious? |
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Definition
| A part of the unconscious mind, shared by a society, humanity and all life forms, that is the product of ancestral experience and contains such concepts as science, religion, and morality. |
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Term
| What is Jung's concept of the archetype? |
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Definition
| Innate universal psychic dispositions that form the substrate from which the basic themes of human life emerge |
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Term
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Definition
| Mandala is a graphical representation of the center (the Self for Jung). Circle is representative of wholeness and unity. A maze with no wrong turns. |
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Term
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Definition
| The masculine aspect of the feminine psyche or personality. |
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Term
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Definition
| The feminine part of the male psyche or personality. |
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Term
| What is the difference between logical and natural concepts? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are prototypes and when do they tend to be used? |
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Definition
| According to Rosch, mental model containing the most typical features of a concept. Used in thinking about whole model things, IE a model bird prototype for bird. |
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Term
| What is mental set and functional fixedness and how are the different? |
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Definition
| Mental set is the tendency to perceive and approach problems in certain ways. Functional fixedness is the tendency to perceive only a limited number of uses for an object. DIFFERENCE? |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Biases that prevent objective decisions from being made. |
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Term
| What is the availability heuristic? |
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Definition
| A heuristic where a judgment or decision is based on information that is most easily retrieved from memory. |
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Term
| What is the representativeness heuristic? |
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Definition
| A new situation is judged on the basis of its resemblance to stereotypical models. |
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Term
| What is anchoring and adjustment? |
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Definition
| Rewording a question or statement can influence decisions or answers. |
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Term
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Definition
| The perspective from which we interpret information before making a decision. |
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Term
| How does competition affect creativity? |
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Definition
| With girls, competition lowers creativity, with boys, the opposite |
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Term
| What is the concept of "g" in intelligence? |
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Definition
| "G" stands for "general intelligence". |
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Term
| What is Steinberg's theory of intelligence? |
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Definition
| Theory assumes three types of intelligence: analytical (componential book smarts), creative (experimental), and practical (contextual street smarts). Realizes that we need to function outside the classroom. |
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Term
| Why are validity and reliability important components of a good intelligence test? |
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Definition
| Validity measures whether a test measures what it says it measures, and reliability is the consistency of a test measuring the same thing |
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Term
| What does an IQ test indicate? How does genetics and the environment affect IQ? |
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Definition
| Heredity's role: .5 Role of environment: .5 |
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Term
| What is Horney's interpretation of penis envy? |
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Definition
| Horney's interpretation was that penis envy was actually status envy from women of men. |
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Term
| What is Adler's theory of personality? |
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Definition
| People possess innate positive motives and they strive for personal and social perfection. |
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Term
| What is Horney's theory of coping styles of basic anxiety? |
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Definition
| Basic anxiety knowing that we are not in control of our own existence. There are three coping styles: passive style (gain parents' love by being passive), aggressive style (being aggressive), and withdrawn style (the self-sufficient style). |
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Term
| What is Rogers' theory of personality? |
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Definition
| Men and women develop their personalities in the service of positive goals. We all have a biological push toward fulfillment (actualizing tendency). We attempt to fulfill our self-concept (self-actualizing tendency). |
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Term
| What is an inferiority complex? |
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Definition
| People can become fixated on their feelings of inferiority |
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Term
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Definition
| Overcoming personal weakness by developing other abilities |
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Term
| What is Hippocrates' view of personality? |
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Definition
| The importance of bodily fluids being at good levels in our body. The first person who recognized that are not superstitious reasons for medical ailments. |
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Term
| What are the two dimensions of Eysenck's theory? |
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Definition
| Introversion-extroversion, stability-instability |
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Term
| What is unconditional positive regard? |
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Definition
| In Rogers's theory, the full acceptance and love of another person regardless of his or her behavior. |
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Term
| What is conditional positive regard? |
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Definition
| In Rogers's theory, acceptance and love that are dependent on another's behaving and certain ways and on fulfilling certain conditions. |
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Term
| How are Hippocrates' view and Eysencky's theory of personality related to each other? |
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Definition
| Hippocrates' views fall on Eysenck's scales of introversion-extroversion and stability-instability |
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Term
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Definition
| Big five trait: warmth, gregariousness, assertiveness, activity, excitement seeking, positive emotions |
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Term
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Definition
| Big five trait: Trust, straightforwardness, altruism, compliance, modesty, tender mindedness |
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Term
| What is conscientiousness/dependability? |
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Definition
| Big five trait: Competence, order, dutifulness, achievement-striving, self-discipline, deliberation |
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Term
| What is emotional stability? |
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Definition
| Big five trait: Anxiety, hostility, depression, self-consciousness, impulsiveness, vulnerability |
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Term
| What is openness to experience/culture/intellect? |
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Definition
| Big five trait: Fantasy, aesthetics, feelings, actions, ideas, values |
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Term
| What are objective tests of personality? |
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Definition
| Personality tests that are administered and scored in a standard way. |
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Term
| What are projective tests of personality? |
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Definition
| Personality tests, such as the Rorschach inkblot test, consisting of ambiguous or unstructured material. |
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Term
| What is the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)? |
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Definition
| A projective test composed of ambiguous pictures about which a person is asked to tell a complete story. Validity is called into question is cross-cultural settings |
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Term
| What is the Rorschach test? |
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Definition
| A proective test composed of ambiguous inkblots; the way people interpret the blots is thought to reveal aspects of their personality. There are different methods of interpreting responses, some produce more valid results than others |
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Term
| What is the related research of the Big Five? |
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Definition
| Evidence shows the Big 5 are strongly influenced by heredity. Big Five personality traits have proven useful in describing and predicting behavior. And Big Five dimensions have important real-world dimensions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Characteristic behaviors and conscious motives. Identifiable behavior patterns. |
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Term
| What are most trait theories based on? |
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Definition
| Factor analysis, a statistical method that reduces a large body of data to a few underlying constructs. Based on intercorrelations. |
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Term
| What is choleric personality? |
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Definition
| Irritable. Yellow bile level is off. Hippocrates. |
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Term
| What is the melancholic personality? |
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Definition
| Sad level of personality. Black bile is off. Hippocrates. |
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Term
| What is the phlegmatic personality? |
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Definition
| Phlegm-related. Calm. Hippocrates. |
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Term
| What is the sanguine personality? |
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Definition
| Happy. Levels of blood. Hippocrates. |
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Term
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Definition
| 16 source traits theorist of personality. |
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