Term
|
Definition
| The course and causes of developmental changes over a persons entire lifetime. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The newborn is a blank slate on which experience creates personality. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Long, thin structures in every biological so that contain genetic information in the form of genes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hereditary units, located on chromosomes, that contain biological instructions inherited from both parents, provided the blueprint for physical development. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The molecular structure of the gene that provides the genetic code. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The first two weeks after conception. By the end of this stage the cells of the dividing zygote have formed an embryo. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| From two weeks to two months. The basic body plan and organs are created. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Begins after two months. The embryo becomes a fetus, and its various organ systems grow and begin to function. |
|
|
Term
| Cocaine use during pregnancy |
|
Definition
| Can result in premature, underweight, tense, and fussy babies who may suffer delayed physical growth and motor development. |
|
|
Term
| Alcohol use during pregnancy |
|
Definition
| Can result in mental retardation and malformation of the face. Consumption of as little as a glass or two of wine a day by the mother can affect infants intellectual functioning. Fetal alcohol syndrome. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What newborns prefer to look at. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The basic units of knowledge that are the basis of intellectual development, are mental images or generalizations that form as people experience the world. They organize past experiences and provide a framework for understanding future experiences. |
|
|
Term
| Assimilation, Piaget's schemas |
|
Definition
| The individual fits a new experience into an existing schema. Example: A toddler may call a butterfly a bird the first time he sees one. |
|
|
Term
| Accommodation, Piaget's schemas |
|
Definition
| The individual modifies an existing schema to better fit a new experience. Example: After seeing more butterflies, a toddler may realize that they are not the same as birds, though both have some of the same features. She may then broaden her things that fly schema to include a new category called butterflies. |
|
|
Term
| Object permanence, Piaget's schemas |
|
Definition
| Knowing that objects exist even if you cannot directly sense them. Ends the sensorimotor period of development. |
|
|
Term
| Conservation, Piaget's schemas |
|
Definition
| Knowing that certain properties of substances (e.g., volume) stay the same even as appearances change. Children lack this ability. |
|
|
Term
| Sensorimotor period, Piaget's theory |
|
Definition
| Covers the first two years of life, with mental activity limited to schemas about sensory and motor functions. Uses accommodation. Ends with object permanence. |
|
|
Term
| Preoperational period, Piaget's theory |
|
Definition
| About ages two to seven. Begins as children understand, create, and use symbols (e.g., language) to represent absent things; they can pretend, draw, and talk. During the second half of the preoperational stage children begin to make intuitive guesses about the world, but they cannot tell the difference between imagination and reality. |
|
|
Term
| Concrete operational period, Piaget's theory |
|
Definition
| About age seven to adolescence. Children develop conservation and the ability to use simple logic and mental operations, including counting, measuring, adding, subtracting, ordering, and sorting. They apply logic only to concrete objects (e.g., trees, books), but not too abstract concepts (e.g., liberty). |
|
|
Term
| Formal operational period, Piaget's theory |
|
Definition
| Typically occurs in adolescence, marks the ability to think hypothetically and to think logically and systematically about abstract ideas, symbols, and propositions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What we call our natural disposition. |
|
|
Term
| Harlow's monkey study results |
|
Definition
| Attachments seem to follow from needs for softness and cuddling, rather than from meeting basic physical needs. |
|
|
Term
| Harlow's monkey study results |
|
Definition
| Similar serious problems are seen in children abandoned by their mothers and neglected by orphanage workers. Neurologists suggest that there is developmental brain dysfunction and damage brought on by a lack of touch and body movement in infancy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Strict, punishing, and unsympathetic. They value obedience from their children, do not encourage independence, and seldom praise their children. (a)Children raised in this way tend to be unfriendly, distrustful, and withdrawn. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Give their children complete freedom with little discipline. (a)Children raised in this way tend to be immature, dependent, and unhappy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reason with their children, giving greater responsibilities with age. They set firm limits but also remain understanding and encourage independence. Their demands are reasonable, rational, and consistent. (a)Children raised in this way tend to be friendly, cooperative, self-reliant, and socially responsible. They are also more successful in school and better tolerate divorce of their parents, if it should occur. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Invest as little time, money, and effort in their children as possible, focusing on their own needs before their childrens. |
|
|
Term
| Stats of teenage sexuality |
|
Definition
| About half of adolescents between ages 15 and 19 say they have had sexual intercourse, about 55% have engaged in oral sex, and roughly 10% have tried anal sex. |
|
|
Term
| Focus of psychosocial development in adolescence according to Erikson |
|
Definition
| Identity crisis: The phase during which an adolescent attempts to develop an integrated self-image as a unique person by pulling together self-knowledge acquired during childhood. |
|
|
Term
| Preconventional level, Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning |
|
Definition
| Includes Stages 1 and 2. Moral judgments are selfish, trying to avoid punishment or following rules when it is advantageous. |
|
|
Term
| Conventional level, Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning |
|
Definition
| Includes Stages 3 and 4. Moral judgments consider other people. Morality consists of following rules and conventions, such as duties to family, to marriage vows, and to country. |
|
|
Term
| Postconventional level, Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning |
|
Definition
| Includes Stages 5 and 6. Moral judgments are based on personal standards or universal principles of justice, equality, and respect for human lifenot just the demands of authority figures or society. |
|
|
Term
| Early adulthood, Erickson's stages |
|
Definition
| Ages 20 to 39. Physical growth continues, and these years are often the prime of life. |
|
|
Term
| Middle adulthood, Erickson's stages |
|
Definition
| Ages 40 to 65. Senses lose sharpness. Women generally experience menopause, the shutdown of reproductive capability in their late forties or early fifties. |
|
|
Term
| Late adulthood, Erickson's stages |
|
Definition
| After age 65. Dwindling of bone mass and a higher risk of heart disease. There are more digestive disorders and weakened reflexes. The brain shrinks. |
|
|
