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Term
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| Study of ultimate reality. |
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| Four main branches of philosophy and their definitions. |
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Definition
Metaphysics - study of ultimate reality.
Epistemology - study of knowledge
Axiology - study of value
Logic - study of correct reasoning |
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| Study of correct reasoning. |
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| The philosophical problem of explaining how it is possible for a material object to have a mind. |
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| Problem of personal identity |
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| The philosophical problem of explaining how it is possible for a person to change and yet remain the same person. |
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| Problem of explaining how it is possible for a causally determined action to be free. |
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| Problem of explaining how it is possible for there to be evil a world created by an all-powerful, all-knowing, and all-good being. |
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| Problem of moral relativism |
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| Problem of explaining how it is possible for there to be absolute moral standards. |
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| The problem of explaining how it is possible for there to be knowledge. |
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| Feature that must be had by all things of a certain kind; if something x is a ____ condition for something y, then it's impossible to have y without x. |
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| Feature that meets all the requirements; if x is a ____ condition for y, then it's impossible to have x without y. |
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| If and only if it violates a law of logic. |
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| Principle that nothing can both have and lack a property at the same and in the the same respect. |
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| Physically impossible / Causally impossible |
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| If and only if it violates a law of nature. |
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| Metaphysically impossible |
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Definition
| If and only if it violates a law of metaphysics. |
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| A reason given for accepting the conclusion of an argument. |
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| The claim that an argument is trying to establish. |
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| A group of claims consisting of one or more premises and a conclusion that supposedly follows from the premises. |
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| Argument with an unstated premise or conclusion |
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| Choose that interpretation of an argument which makes the most sense from a logical point of view. |
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| A deductive argument in which it's logically impossible for the premise to be true and the conclusion false; argument-forms include affirming the antecedent, studying the consequent, hypothetical syllogism, and disjunctive syllogism. |
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| Forms include affirming the consequent, denying the antecedent, affirming a disjunct. |
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| A valid deductive argument that contains only true premises. |
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| An inductive argument that would establish its conclusion with a high degree of probability if its premises were true. |
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| A strong inductive argument that contains only true premises. |
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| Arriving at a generalization about a group of things after analyzing only some members of that group. |
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| Claiming that two things are similar in some respects are similar in some further respect. |
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| Hypothetical induction / Abduction / inference to the best explanation |
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| A theory being distinguished by the criteria of adequacy. |
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| Features that distinguish a good theory from a bad one: consistency, simplicity, scope, conservatism, and fruitfulness. |
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| An unacceptable premise that argues in a circle when its conclusion is used as one of its premises |
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| Presumes only two alternatives exist |
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| An irrelevant premise occurred when a word is used in two different senses in an argument. |
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| Argument that claims what is true of the parts is true of the whole. |
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| Assumes what is true of the whole is also true of the parts. |
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| Argue a claim is true or false based on its origin. |
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| Uses an opponent's inability to disprove a conclusion as proof of a conclusion's correctness, or uses an opponent's inability to prove a conclusion as proof of its incorrectness. |
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| Draw a general conclusion about all things of a certain type of the basis of evidence concerning only a few things of that type. |
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| The greater their dissimilarities, the less convincing the argument will be. |
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| False cause / Post hoc ergo propter hoc |
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| Attributing something that happens afterwards as the cause of something that came before it. |
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| Description of a possible situation in which a concept should apply or a condition should be met if the theory in question is true. |
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| An example that runs counter to or conflict with a theory |
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| A condition or if-then statement indicating what should be the case if the theory is true. |
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| A situation's details can be filled in and its implications drawn out without running into a contradiction. |
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| Mental states are states of an immaterial substance that interacts with the body. |
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| Can conceive of being without a body but not a mind, so a person must be a mind. |
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| Minds are indiviisble but bodies are divisible, so minds are not identical to bodies. |
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| Indiscernibility of identicals |
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Definition
| If two things are identical, then they must both possess the same properties. |
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| Causal closure of the physical |
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| No physical effect has a nonphysical cause. |
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| Mind and body are two separate things that do not interact with one another. |
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| Parallelistic theory that claims the correlation between mental and physical events is produced on each occasion by God |
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| Parallelistic theory that claims the correlation between mental and physical events was established by God at the beginning of the universe. |
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| Mind is an ineffective by-product of physical processes. |
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| Problem of explaining how it is possible to know that there are other minds in the other world. |
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| View that there is only one mind in the universe, one's own. |
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| The only source of knowledge about the external world is sense experience. |
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| Mental states are brain states. |
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| Doctrine there are no free actions |
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| Doctrine that every event is the consequence of past events plus the laws of nature; the same cause always produces the same effect. |
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| Doctrine that causal determinism is incompatible with the view that we sometimes act freely. |
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| States if causal determinism is true, then people cannot act freely; closely related is this rules out moral responsibility. |
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| Future events happen regardless of what someone does; no empirical evidence in this view's favor. |
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| The doctrine that what makes an action right is that one approves of it. Morality is a matter of personal preference. |
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| The doctrine that what makes an action right for someone is that it is approved by that person; moral judgments are relative to the individual. |
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| All moral utterances are expressions of emotion |
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| The doctrine that what makes an action right is that it is approved by one's culture. |
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| The doctrine that what makes an action right is that God commands it to be done. |
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| Consequential (teleological) ethical theory |
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| An ethical theory that judges the rightness or wrongness of an action in terms of its consequences |
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| Formalist (deontological ethical theory |
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| An ethical theory that judges the rightness or wrongness of an action in terms of its form. |
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| Instrumental (extrinsic) value |
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| Value for the sake of something else |
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| Two objects share the same properties. |
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| Two objects are one and the same specific thing. |
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| A property a thing can lose without ceasing to exist. |
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| A property a thing cannot lose without ceasing to exist. |
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| Doctrine that identical persons are those with identical living human bodies. |
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| The doctrine that identical persons are those with identical souls. |
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| The doctrine that identical persons are those who share at least one experience memory. |
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| A memory that a person can consciously recall. |
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| A memory that an earlier stage of a person can consciously recall. |
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| A memory of an event that was experienced by the person who remembered it and that was caused by the event it records. |
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| A memory of an event that either did not happen or that was not caused by the event it records. |
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Definition
| An apparent memory caused in the right way by an actual experience. |
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| Psychological continuity theory |
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Definition
| The doctrine that identical persons are those who are physchologically continuous with one another. |
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