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| Anthropological fieldowrk method which leads to an inside view of culture. |
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| Discipline employing a top down analysis, universal grammar rule, and uses own language as data |
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| Claimed that language was a window into culture |
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| All human experience is, to some extent, mediated through culture and language |
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| Linguistic determinism (Strong Whorf) |
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| Language determines thought |
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| Using your own cultlural system to interpret other cultural systems and believing that your cultural system is better or makes more sense than any other |
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| Aggregate of words all sharing a common meaning |
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| Linguistic Relativity (Weak Whorf) |
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| Language influences thought |
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| Their color terms reflect an agricultural focus |
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| Their grammar stresses material over shape |
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| Spontaneous sounds to emit pain or other emotions |
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| People reacted to stimuli in the world around them |
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| As people worked together, physical efforts produced communal grunts |
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| First words originated from sounds produced in imitation of animals |
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| Language arose from the romantic side of life |
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| Pictures or images represent things |
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| Signs stand for words or ideas |
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| Picture represents words that sound the same |
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| Signs stand for individual sounds |
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| Graphic symbols stand for syllables |
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| Signs carry both smenatic and phonetic information |
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| Articulatory Simplification |
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| Fifths is pronounced as fifs |
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| Reanalysis or Folk Etymology |
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| Hamburger is analyzed as ham + burger, resulting in new words like veggieburger |
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| In the past you did not want to be called pretty, but today it is not bad |
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| Bird used to refer to as small now... now refers to any winged creature |
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| Dived, fishes, auditoriums |
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| People an island, porch a paper |
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| Knork, spork, murse, manziere |
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| a detailed description of many aspects of customary thought and behavior of a people |
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| Research takes into account the totality of human experiences; includes Physical and Cultural (Linguistics, Ethnology, and Archaeology) Anthropology |
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| Bottom up analysis, in depth description of any language, use any language as data to produce a grammar book and/or dictionary |
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| A discipline of infinitive curiosity about human beings |
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| Ecological lunar calendar related to hunter/gatherer activities; maps in the mind that include both physical and mythical worlds |
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| Labiodental, voiceless fricative |
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| Labiodental, voiced fricative |
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| Interdental, voiceless fricative |
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| Interdental, voiced fricative |
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| Alveolar, voiceless fricative |
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| Alveolar, voiced fricative |
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| Alveolar, voiced, lateral approximant |
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| Alveolar, voiced, nonlateral approximant |
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| Alveolar, voiced, nonlateral approximant |
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| Alveopalatal, voiceless fricative |
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| Alveopalatal, voiced fricative |
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| Alveopalatal, voiceless affricate |
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| Alveopalatal, voiced affricate |
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| Alveopalatal, voiced glide |
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| Glottal, voiceless fricative |
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| distinct sound-psychologically a single unit (sound in the mind) |
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| the actual sound – what is pronounced after rules are applied |
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| class of sounds that share a phonetic property (place of articulation, manner of articulation, etc.) |
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| 2 words that differ in one sound only – in same position = contrast... must memorize (no pattern/rule) |
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| sounds that occur in the same environment, but are distinct sounds (ex. aspirations occur after p, t, or k... this can be predicted) |
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| of a phoneme – occur in different environments |
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| Complementary distribution |
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| 2 sounds that NEVER occur in the same environment |
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Phonetics - [dal] to [dalz]
Morphological - [dalz] = [dal] + plural
Syntactic - noun that can be used in a noun phrases as a subject or an object
Semantic - toy in English
Pragmatic - you are such a doll! |
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| meaningful unit of a word; can be simple or complex |
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| Content - can stand on its own |
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| functional – cannot stand on their own… only gets meaning when attaching to something else |
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| Attaches to beginning of a word |
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| Attaches to the end of a word |
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| Attaches in the middle of a word (i.e. abso-fucking-lutely) |
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| Surrounds the word; must attach simultaneously |
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| If you duplicate the base form, you can get a different meaning |
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| interweave vowels or consonants in a base form to create a new word |
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| put words together to make a new word |
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| –ed, -ing, -er, -est, plural s, number, 3 sg – s, possessive s’s |
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| made up of sequences of free morphemes (Mandarin Chinese) |
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| Affixes or bound morphemes are attached to other morphemes. Affixes are easily segmentable (Zulu) |
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| Several stem forms may be combined (along with affixes) into a single word (Mohawk) |
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| Verbs into nouns, adjectives into verbs, affixes |
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| How words combine into phrases and sentences |
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| Most popular, Japanese, Turkish |
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| Spanish, Chinese, French, English |
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| Biblical Hebrew, Classical Arabic |
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| Prescriptive (proper), Descriptive (describes language structure on own terms, Boas), Generative (Chomsky, all possible structures of a language) |
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| Writing System - Linguistic Issues |
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| How are the words put together? CV, CCC, etc. |
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| Writing System - Political Issues |
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| What does it mean to have a writing system? Does an introduced writing system count? |
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| Writing System - Cultural Issues |
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| How might the culture change in regards to literacy/orally? |
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| Writing Systems - Issues of Identity |
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| Comoros has French, Arabic, and African influences... which identity do they choose? |
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| Ability to read and write... in a multilingual community, which language counts? |
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| Reflects the preference of speakers for regular patterns |
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| Loss/Addition/Change of Status of Phonemes |
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| [x] lost, [ʒ] added, [v] was once an allophone of [f] |
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| illegal, immoral, irresponsible |
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| Lost -bora, added -ment, -hood |
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| Used to be common in Middle and Old English, but now syntactically doesn't exist in English |
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| Wench used to mean girl, but now it means a nasty woman or a prostitute |
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| Motto - Italian, Prayer - French |
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| Sino-Sinitic (Mandarin, Cantonese), Lolo (Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, China), Naga, Kuki, Chin (Burma, India), Tibetan (languages of Tibet and Burma) |
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| Other Asian Language Families |
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| Tai (Thai, Lao), Japanese, Korean, Altaic (Mongolian, Turkish, Uzbek) |
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| Afro-Asiac Language Family |
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| Hebrew, Arabic, Amharic, Hausa, Egyptian |
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| Bantu (Swahili, Zulu, Shona), Akan, Wolof, Yoruba, Igbo |
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| Native North American Languages |
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| Eskimo-Aleut, Algonquian, Muskogean, Athabaskan, Iroquoian, Siouan, Penutian, Salishan, Uto-Aztecan, Hokan |
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| Incomplete languages that have simplified grammar, reduced lexicon (survival vocabulary… food, housing, kin relations, etc.), limited subject matter, and never used as a first language (mother tongue) |
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| Complete languages developed from a pidgin; grammar is elaborated, lexicon is expanded (using “dominant” language… ex. Spanish Creole), subject matter is broadened, and can be first language of community |
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| Context in Language and Social Situations |
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| Translation requires knowledge of context and recognizing indirection (Malinowski) |
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| Ethnography of speaking, Creativity – ability to adapt speech to the situation, Grammar – context dependent |
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| Generative grammar, Creativity – ability to produce an infinite set of sentences on the basis of a finite set of rules, Grammar – context independent |
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| Setting, Participants, Ends (Goals), Act Sequence (Acts, events, situations), Key (Tone), Instrumentalities (language and dialects, situation specific), Norms (expectations), Genres |
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| A group of people who share one or more varieties of language and the rules for using them in interaction |
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| A group of people who share a single language variety and who identify with that language variety |
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| Recognize "mistakes" in using rules, develop "awareness" of different rules, "repair" understanding of rules |
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| AAVE Phonological Characteristics |
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| Deletion of [r], pronunciation of [ð] as [d], simplification of consonant clusters |
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| AAVE - Morphological/Syntactic Features |
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| Habitual/future be, copula absence (they working), absence of 3rd person singular and possessive -s, use of was and done (They was, she done), double negatives, use of been (He been) |
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