Term
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Definition
| The study of an area of the earth's surface and the human and physical processes that shape it |
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Term
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Definition
| The connections between distant regions. These linkages can include, but are not limited to environmental, technological, economical, social, and political factors. |
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Term
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Definition
Regions that are adjacent to one another.
*** Due to economic, technological, social, and political changes regions widely separated in space can now have interdependent economic relationships that used to be possible only between close neighbors or contiguous regions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unit of the earth's surface that contains distinct patterns of physical features or human activities. Way of subdividing a larger geographic division along logical lines in order to understand it better and in more detail. |
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Term
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Definition
| various aspects of human life that create distinctive landscapes and regions (e.g. culture, economy, politics, history) |
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Term
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Definition
| The various ways of showing the spherical surface of the earth on a flat piece of paper. ***All maps must solve this problem |
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Term
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Definition
| study of how people, objects, or ideas are or are not related to one another across space |
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Term
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Definition
| study of the earth's physical processes to learn how they work and how they are affected by humans and in turn affect humans (e.g. landforms, climate, hydrology) |
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Term
longitude/latitude
(meridians/parallels) |
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Definition
| Lines of latitude/longitude enable us to establish a position on the map relative to other points on the globe. Longitude lines, or meridians, run pole to pole, and latitude lines, or parallels, run parallel to the equator |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea of taking over human and natural resources of often distant places in order to produce wealth. This idea can be seen evident in many periods in human history, the most recent being the westward expansion of the U.S. |
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Term
Traits of a Region
(There are 5) |
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Definition
1. Regions have distinct environment or cultural patterns
2. Regions are made by people to define spaces for varying purposes
3. No two regions are necessarily described by the same sets of indicators
4. Regions vary greatly in size (scale)
5. Regions' boundaries are unclear and hard to agree upon |
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Term
| Pangaea Hypothesis "all lands" |
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Definition
| first proposed by geophysicist Alfred Wegener in 1912. The belief that all continents were once joined together in a super continent. |
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Term
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Definition
| the scientific theory that the earth's surface is composed of large plates that float on top of an underlying layer of molten rock; the movement and interaction of the plates create many of the large features of the earth's surface, particularly mountains |
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Term
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Definition
| the physical or chemical decomposition of rocks by sun, rain, snow, wind, ice and the effects of life-forms |
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Term
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Definition
| the long-term balance of temperature and precipitation that characteristically prevails in a particular region |
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Term
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Definition
| the short-term (day-to-day) expression of climate so to speak |
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Term
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Definition
| the force exerted by a column of air on a square foot of surface |
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Term
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Definition
| rainfall produced when a moving moist air mass encounters a mountain range, rises, cools, and release condensed moisture that falls as rain |
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Term
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Definition
| the dry side of a mountain range, facing away from the prevailing winds |
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Term
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Definition
| all the ideas, materials, and institutions that people have invented to use to live on earth that are not directly part of our biological inheritance |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of people who share a particular set of beliefs, a way of life, a technology, and usually a place |
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Term
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Definition
| a sense of personal affinity with a particular culture group |
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Term
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Definition
| associations such as official religious organizations; local, state, and national governments; nongovernmental organizations; and specific businesses and corporations |
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Term
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Definition
| ordinary or casual associations, such as the family or a community |
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Term
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Definition
| all the associations, formal and informal, that help people get along together |
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Term
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Definition
| a characteristic that helps to define a certain culture group |
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Term
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Definition
| the forum in which people make their living including the spatial, social and political aspects of how resources are recognized, extracted, exchanged, transformed, and reallocated |
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Term
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Definition
| a resources such as mineral ores, timber, or plants that must be mined from the earth's surface or grown from its soil |
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Term
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Definition
| skills and knowledge of economic value |
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Term
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Definition
| all aspects of the economy that take place in official channels |
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Term
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Definition
| all aspects of the economy that take place outside official channels |
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Term
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Definition
| the growth of inter-regional and worldwide linkages and the changes they are bringing about |
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Term
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Definition
| the worldwide system in which goods, services, and labor are exchanged |
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Term
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Definition
| a series of inventions, innovations and ideas that allowed manufacturing to be mechanized |
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Term
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Definition
| the practice of taking over the human and natural resources of often distant places to produce wealth for Europe |
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Term
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Definition
| the movement of goods and capital without government restrictions |
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Term
barriers to free trade
(there are 3) |
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Definition
1. tariffs
2. import quotas
3. capital controls |
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Term
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Definition
| a tax imposed by a country on imported goods, usually intended to protect industries within that country |
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Term
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Definition
| a limit on the amount of a given item that may be imported into a country over a given period of time |
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Term
| capital control (capitalists) |
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Definition
| usually a wealthy minority that owns the majority of factories, farms, businesses, and other means of production |
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Term
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Definition
| an association of neighboring countries that agreed to lower trade barriers for one another |
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Term
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Definition
| a global lending institution that makes loans to countries that need money to pay for development projects |
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Term
| International Monetary Fund (IMF) |
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Definition
| a financial institution funded by the developed nations to help developing countries reorganize, formalize, and develop their economies |
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Term
| structural adjustment policies (SAPs) |
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Definition
| policies that require economic reorganization toward less government involvement in industry, agriculture, and social services; sometimes imposed by the World Bank and the IMF as conditions for receiving loans |
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Term
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Definition
| trade that values equity throughout the international trade system; now proposed as an alternative to free trade |
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Term
| gross domestic product (GDP) |
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Definition
| the market value of all goods and services produced by workers and capital within a particular country's borders and within a given year |
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Term
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Definition
| the market value of all goods and services produced by workers and capital within a particular country's borders and within a given year divided by the number of people in the country |
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Term
| Human Development Index (HDI) |
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Definition
| set up by the United Nation to consider real income, which takes into account what people can buy with what they earn, as well as data on life expectancy at birth and on educational attainment |
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Term
| Gender Development Index (GDI) |
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Definition
| set up by the United Nations that looks at whether countries make basic literacy, health care, and access to income available to both women and men |
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Term
| Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) |
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Definition
| set up by the United Nations to score and rank countries according to how well they enable participation by women in the political and economic life of the country |
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Term
| rate of natural increase (growth rate) |
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Definition
| the rate of population growth measured as the excess of births over deaths per 1000 individuals per year without regard for the effects of migration |
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Term
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Definition
| a graph that depicts the age and gender structures of a country. Reveals age and gender distributions and also shows subtle gender differences within populations |
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Term
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Definition
| circumstances in which a family produces most of its own food, clothing, and shelter |
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Term
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Definition
| an economic system in which the necessities of life are purchased with monetary currency |
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Term
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Definition
| improvement of standards of living in ways that will not jeopardize those of future generations |
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