Term
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Definition
| describes long-term patterns of temperature and rainfall |
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Term
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Definition
78% nitrogen
20% oxygen
2% other gases (H2O, CO2, methane) |
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Term
| temperature patterns are driven by... |
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Definition
| differences in intensity of solar radiation, which varies with latitude |
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Term
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Definition
| cooling due to changes in pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| change in temperature with increased elevation (10 degrees Celsius per km) |
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Term
| warm air or cold holds more water? |
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Definition
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Term
| atmospheric cells from equator to poles |
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Definition
| hadley cell, ferrel cell, polar cell |
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Term
| low pressure occurs at what degrees latitude |
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Definition
| equator (0) and 50. characterized by warm air |
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Term
| global rainfall patterns from equator to poles |
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Definition
equator: low pressure, high rainfall
15: summer wet, winter dry
30: high pressure, dry in all seasons
40: winter wet, summer dry
60: low pressure, rainfall in all seasons
polar: high pressure, sparse rainfall in all seasons |
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Term
| direction of wind is determined by what? |
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Definition
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Term
| winds are responsible for what percentage of the heat exchange between the tropics and the poles? |
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Definition
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Term
| ocean currents are responsible for what percentage of heat transfer from the equator to the poles? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| areas near the ocean tend to be cooler in summer and warmer in winter |
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Term
| world's largest area of desert is at what latitude |
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Definition
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Term
| rain shadow occurs on which side of a mountain |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of solar radiation reflected by a surface |
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Term
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Definition
| Intertropical Convergence Zone |
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Term
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Definition
| El Nino Southern Oscillation - variation on the scale of 2 to 10 years and lasts 12 to 18 months |
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Term
| North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) |
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Definition
| Changes in the relative strength and position of a high pressure off the Azores and a low pressure system off Iceland |
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Term
| how are biomes classified? |
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Definition
| by the growth form of the most common plants |
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Term
| organize boreal, temperate, and tropical biomes from most to least rainfall |
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Definition
| tropical, temperate, boreal |
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Term
| generalizations about tropical biomes |
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Definition
constant warm temperatures
differ in distribution and amount of rainfall |
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Term
| generalizations about temperate biomes |
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Definition
all have seasonal fluctuations in temp
boundary between temp forest and grasslands is related to rainfall and fire |
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Term
| generalizations about boreal biomes |
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Definition
length of growing season determines the boundary between the temperate zone and the boreal forest and tundra
tundra is associated with low summer temps |
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Term
| tropical rain forest climate |
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Definition
precipitation exceeds 100 mm most months and annual variation in temperature is slight
latitude is 0 to 10 |
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Term
| tropical seasonal forest climate |
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Definition
temperature is more variable than in tropical rain forest. climate alternates between very wet and very dry seasons.
latitude 10 to 25 |
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Term
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Definition
wet season is generally short and drier than in tropical dry forest. little variation in temp.
latitude 10 to 25 |
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Term
| desert distribution and climate |
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Definition
year round drought in some deserts. mean annual precipitation is lower than any other biomes. annual drought coincides with growing season. fluctuation in temps
latitude 30 |
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Term
| temperate deciduous forest climate |
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Definition
moderate variation in temperature. associated with seasonal drought, but low seasonal variation in precipitation.
30 to 55 latitude |
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Term
| temperate grassland climate |
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Definition
peak in temp coincides with peak in precipitation. winters are usually cold and dry. several months have mean minimum temperatures below freezing
latitude 30 to 55 |
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Term
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Definition
large temperature variation. limited growing season.
latitude 50 to 65 |
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Term
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Definition
precipitation can be very low. short growing season. large fluctuations in temp.
latitude 65 plus |
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Term
| where is the earth's water? |
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Definition
71% of the world is covered with water.
97% is in the oceans
2% in polar ice caps
1% in rivers, lakes, streams, ground water, and atmosphere (0.2% in lakes and rivers) |
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Term
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Definition
heats and cools more slowly than air
high specific heat (1 cal to heat 1 gm H2O 1 degree Celsius
densest at 4 degrees Celsius
good conductor of heat
lower oxygen concentration in water than air
water absorbs light (80% absorbed in first 10 m) |
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Term
| aspects of the physical environment that affect organisms in freshwater habitats |
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Definition
| temperature, water clarity, chemistry, nutrients, pH, oxygen, velocity |
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Term
| where do rivers originate |
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Definition
| where precipitation exceeds evaporation and there is run-off |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| difference in river heads and mouths |
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Definition
head: depend strongly on stream banks and uplands for inputs of energy
mouths: much of the production takes place in the river at the mouths |
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Term
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Definition
| deep lakes - nutrient poor, low productivity, high oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| shallow lakes - nutrient rich, high productivity, lower oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| epilimnion, hypolimnion, thermocline |
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Term
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Definition
| usually biological desert, but nearshore communities of the continental shelf are supplied with nutrients b/c of upwelling or wave action |
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Term
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Definition
kelp beds: found on rocky substrates in cool waters
coral reefs: restricted to water with a temp above 20 degrees C and are experiencing world-wide degradation |
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Term
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Definition
wave action is important
light, temp, and salinity are variable
organisms vary depending on amount of exposure to air |
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Term
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Definition
junction of a river with the ocean
salinity is variable
nutrient availability is often high
important as nurseries for many marine organisms |
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Term
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Definition
sand or mud in temperate regions
light, salinity, temp, and oxygen are variable
provide food and protection
mangrove forests are tropical salt marshes |
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Term
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Definition
| measure of the amount of heat energy present |
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Term
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Definition
increases rates of chemical reactions
determines the rate of physiological processes
affects solubility
denatures proteins
most organisms have an optimum temp |
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Term
| where and how is temp measured |
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Definition
4 ft above the ground
shielded from wind and direct solar radiation |
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Term
| how do plants respond to temp stress? |
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Definition
avoidance
tolerance
acclimatization |
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Term
| energy transfer processes used to regulate temperature |
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Definition
| heat stored = radiation +- conduction +- convection - evaporation |
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Term
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Definition
| transpiration (evaporation through stomates) |
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Term
| heat exchange from a desert plant |
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Definition
highly reflective leaves (reduces radiation)
orient leaves parallel to sunlight (reduces radiation)
high convective heat loss to wind
low conductive heat gain from ground
open growth form and small leaves increase exposure of plant surface to wind |
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Term
| Positive heliotropism in flowers |
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Definition
| combining form and position for heat gain |
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Term
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Definition
variable temp
large surface to volume ratio |
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Term
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Definition
relying on external sources of heat
can regulate temperature |
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Term
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Definition
can regulate temperature
relying on internal sources of heat |
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Term
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Definition
homeotherms - constant temp
heterotherms - having varying temperature (generate some heat metabolically) |
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Term
| temp regulation in ectothermic organisms |
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Definition
| avoidance, behavioral/morphological (location, color, form), physiological mechanisms |
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Term
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Definition
| use feathers and fur to control heat gain and loss by radiation, conduction, and convection |
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Term
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Definition
| heat conservation, morphology, physiological mechanisms |
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Term
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Definition
involved biochemical or physiological adjustments to match the optimal response to the actual temperature:
enzymes, type of leaves, color |
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Term
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Definition
| can be heterothermic and allow body temps to lower and enter a state of dormancy called torpor |
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Term
| why do organisms need water? |
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Definition
60-90% body mass is water
to maintain membrane structure, to maintain enzyme configuration, to dissolve molecules, for internal transport, for cooling, for rigidity sometimes |
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Term
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Definition
= osmotic potential + pressure or turgor pressure + pressure of matrix
units are pascals |
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Term
| water potential of pure water at 20 degrees C and 1 atm = |
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Definition
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Term
| minimum water potential that most plants can survive varies from |
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Definition
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Term
| water potential of the air and soil is |
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Definition
| < -10 MPa and > -1 MPa respectively |
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Term
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Definition
| water conducting molecules for transportation |
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Term
| pressure of soil, root, stem, and leaf during the day |
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Definition
-.5 soil -.7 root -.8 stem -1 leaf
stomates are open |
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Term
| water pressure of soil, rot, stem, and leaf during the night |
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Definition
-.5 soil -.5 root -.5 stem -.5 leaf
stomates closed |
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Term
| problem with too much water |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| how do desert annuals avoid lack of water? |
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Definition
they have very short life cycles
plants spend unfavorable seasons or years as seeds |
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Term
| losses and gains of water in an aquatic organism |
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Definition
losses: gill diffusion or secretion, across skin, egg/gamete production, excretion/defecation.
gains: food/drink, gill uptake, uptake across skin, oxidative metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| body fluids have the same concentration as the external environment (most marine invertebrates) |
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Term
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Definition
| body fluids have a lower solute concentration than the external environment (loose water) |
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Term
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Definition
| body fluids have a higher solute concentration than the external environment (gain water) |
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Term
| keeping water out in freshwater |
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Definition
| specialized cells in the gills actively absorb Cl from the surrounding water, Na follows, consumes food and salt, excrete water in large volumes of dilute urine |
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Term
| in saltwater and on land, keeping water in |
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Definition
| drink water and salt, specialized cells in the gills secrete Cl and Na follows, salts excreted in concentrated urine (small amounts of water are lost) |
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Term
| to reduce evaporation in frogs |
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Definition
| impermeable coat, nocturnal, cool microhabitat, uric acid urine |
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Term
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Definition
| respond to variations in light levels |
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Term
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Definition
| Rubisco has a relatively low affinity for CO2, is an oxygenase, which is a problem at high temperatures |
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Term
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Definition
| involves a new enzyme with a high affinity for CO2 and separation of CO2 capture and carbon fixation |
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Term
| at high and low temperatures discuss benefits/drawbacks of C4 and C3 |
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Definition
| C3 uses rubisco which has a low affinity for CO2 and does not work well in high and low temp |
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