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Introduction to cell (test 1)
Water, Cell Membranes, Cell Compartmentalization, and Cellular Organelles
27
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
01/25/2010

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Term
All amino acids contain a....
Definition
carboxyl group and an amino group linked by a carbon; an R group is attached to this carbon.
when the hydroxyl (OH) on the carboxylic acid and the H on the amino group combine to form water and permit the N of the amino group to form a covalent bond with the C of the carboxylic acid.
Term
The peptide bond is the site...
Definition
where amino acids are linked one to another in the chain.
Term
the structure of a Phospholipids
Definition
constructed from glycerol. Glycerol is a three carbon chain; each carbon has one hydroxyl (OH) group attached to it.
Fatty acids (long chains of carbon) esterbond with the OH, creating water
Term
The three-dimensional shape of the protein depends on a combination of
Definition
he protein's primary structure and the position of the charged and uncharged R groups
Term
bonding between the amino acids in the enzyme and those in the substrate
Definition
hydrogen bonds
Term
ligands
Definition
ligands bind to transmembrane proteins
Term
The shape and function of integral membrane proteins is determined by
Definition
the protein's primary structure, its R groups, and its consequent three-dimensional shape.
Term
More __ ions insides and more __ outside
Definition
Potassium inside
Sodium outside
Term
prokaryotic cells
Definition
containing a strand of DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid), some ribosomes, and proteins
Term
Eukaryotic cells
Definition
extreme compartmentalization and organelles
Term
nucleus
Definition
compartment that contains the DNA.
surrounded by a double membrane
inner membrane separates the contents of the nucleus
outer membrane is part of the membrane network in the cytoplasm known as the endoplasmic reticulum
Term
nucleolus
Definition
in the nucleus
a site within the nucleus where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is transcribed from DNA
Term
three general types of ribonucleic acid (RNA) in cells
Definition
messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA).
Term
Ribosomes
Definition
specialized forms of RNA and protein on which protein synthesis takes place
Term
nuclear pores
Definition
the mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm through nuclear pores
Term
Rough ER
Definition
rough endoplasmic reticulum (ribsomes attached)
production of membrane proteins
Term
The Golgi apparatus
Definition
a complicated stack of membranes where protein processing takes place
Term
Movement of membrane and proteins from the ER to the Golgi takes place in
Definition
vesicles or vacuoles
Term
lysosomes
Definition
destination for vesicles from Golgi apparatus
ystem of membrane bound structures serves as a site of intracellular digestion
full of degradative enzymes and the interior of lysosomes is maintained at a low pH
digest proteins and sometimes whole bacteria that enter this organelle
Term
vesicle exocytosis
Definition
a process where Proteins that are to be secreted from the cell enter vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane to release their contents into the extracellular environment
Term
Mitochondria
Definition
contain two membranes and are the primary sites of energy production in cells
Term
Energy is produced in the form of
Definition
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Term
cytoskeleton
Definition
imposes some structure and organization to cells membrane bound structures
composed of microfilaments made of actin, and microtubules made of tubulin
Term
The region between the organelles
Definition
cytosal
Term
actin and microtubules
Definition
provide "tracks" along which vesicles are moved from one place to another inside cells
microfilaments made of actin
microtubules made of tubulin
Term
centrioles
Definition
provide sites where many of the microtubules in cells originate.
Microtubules attached to centrioles are important in cell division.
Term
A characteristic of transmembrane proteins is that they are
Definition
glycosylated, i.e., the portion of the protein on the extracellular face of the membrane is decorated with carbohydrates constructed from sugars.
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