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introduction to american politics
from We the People textbook
65
Political Studies
Undergraduate 1
01/20/2010

Additional Political Studies Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Capitalism
Definition
government should interfere with the economy as little as possible; Firms allowed to operate in a free marketplace; individualism
Term
Socialism
Definition
government has a large ownership of production, economic decision making, and providing economic security for individuals
Term
communism
Definition
government owns most or all major industries, and takes responsibility for overall management of the economy
Term
Majoritarianism
Definition
numerical majorities determine issues of policy
Term
Pluralism
Definition
Policies are effectively decided through power wielded by special interests (group activity) that dominate particular policy areas
Term
Elitism
Definition
policy is controlled by a small number of well-positioned, highly influential individuals
Term
Bureaucratic rule
Definition
policy is controlled by well placed administrators within the government bureaucracy
Term
Marbury v. Madison
Definition

US Supreme Court can only hear cases on appeal

Act of Congress declared unconstitutional

Marbury never got his commission 

Term
Federalism
Definition
division of sovereignty between a national government and regional governments
Term
Confederacy
Definition
type of government established by the articles; the state alone are sovereign
Term
Unitary govt.
Definition
sovereignty is vested solely in the national government
Term
McCulloch vs. Maryland
Definition

-Article 6; Supremacy Clause prohibited states from imposing a tax on federal facility

-Court ruled in favor of national authority;

-Implied powers showing that the state did not have the power to tax a national bank.

Term
Dual Federalism
Definition
separation of national and state authority; Certain policy areas were within the realm of the government, while others were reserved to the states
Term
Cooperative federalism
Definition
based on shared policy responsibilities rather than sharply divided ones
Term
3rd Amendment
Definition
Freedom of assembly
Term
Gibbons vs Ogden
Definition

-Court rejected monopoly on a ferry, concluding that NY had intruded on Congress's power to regulate commerce among the states.

-Commerce is federal domain and states can not limit the exchange of goods and services

Term
8th amendment prohibits:
Definition
cruel and unusual punishment
Term
Establishment clause
Definition
separation between church and state
Term
9th amendment
Definition
People are given certain rights in the Constitution and those shall not be interpreted to deny them to the people; is applied to the states
Term
habeas corpus
Definition
requires law enforcement officials to bring the suspect into court and to specify the legal reason for the detention; be charged with a crime or be released within a set time
Term
de facto discrimination/segregation
Definition
based on practice or previous conditions; consequence of social economic and cultural biases and conditions
Term
de jure discrimination/segregation
Definition
discrimination based on law as in the case of the state laws that forced black and white children to attend separate schools; embedded in the structure of the society
Term
writ of certiorari
Definition
After the losing party in a lower court case request a Supreme Court hearing, and four of the nine justices agree to hear it, "this" is granted and the lower court is asked to submit a transcript of the case for the Supreme Court to review.
Term
10th amendment
Definition
powers not granted to the national government nor prohibited to the states by the constitution of the United States are reserved to the states or the people.
Term
prior restraint
Definition
government can not take action prior to your action unless conspiracy or incite to riot; Due process requires notice and hearing
Term
Supremacy Clause
Definition

-Article 6 of the Constitution

"the laws of the US... shall be the supreme law of the land."

-McCulloch v. Maryland: national law prevailed over conflicting state law; prohibited states from imposing tax on federal facility

Term
Commerce Clause
Definition
Only Congress can regulate interstate commerce
Term
Selective Incorporation
Definition
added to the 14th Amendment: certain rights in the Bill of Rights become applicable through the 14th Amendment to actions by the state governments
Term
Gitlow v. New York
Definition
Supreme Court upheld that First Amendment is protected by the Selective Incorporation clause of the Fourteenth Amendment from impairment by the states
Term
Near v. Minnesota
Definition

Near's newspaper was shut down for libel. He appealed the shutdown on the grounds that it infringed on freedom of the press, Supreme Court ruled in his favor saying that Minnesota couldn't censor

- Prior restraint violates constitution/newspaper

Term
Dred Scott v. Sanford
Definition

-Supreme Court ruled that slaves could not sue for their freedom

-Courts ruled slaves were property

Term
Totalitarian govt.
Definition
form of govt. in which the leaders claim complete dominance of all individuals and institutions
Term
Enumerated Powers
Definition

- "Expressed" Powers

- Powers granted to national government

- Seen in Marbury v. Madison

Term
Implied Powers
Definition

- "necessary and proper clause"

- Fed govt's constitutional authority to take action that is not expressly authorized by the Constitution but that supports actions that are so authorized.

- Seen in McCulloch v. Maryland

Term
Inherent Powers
Definition
Powers that a sovereign state holds
President "shall be vested"= inherent powers to president
Term
Delegated Powers
Definition
same as enumerated powers- granted to national govt
Term
Barron v. Baltimore
Definition
BOR didn’t apply to the states (until after the Civil War and the 14th amendment)
Term
Contract Clause
Definition
Article I Section 10 States could no longer pass bills relieving people of debts, pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, nor sign into a treaty
Term
Block Grant
Definition
large sum of money granted by the national government to a regional government with only general provisions as to the way it is to be spent
Term
Sovereign Immunity
Definition

-11th Amendment

- you can sue the federal government if they exceed their authority only in federal courts and no state can sue another state in its own court

Term
Baker v Carr
Definition
one person equals one vote
Term
Reynolds v Sims
Definition
One person must equal one vote
Term
Free exercise clause
Definition

1st Amendment

"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof"

Term
Gomillion v. Lightfoot
Definition
Reapportionment of electoral district to disenfranchise blacks violated the Fifteenth Amendment
Term
NYTimes v. Sullivan
Definition
Public officials only have limited protection from libel by newspapers when the printed statements involve political issues
Term
Ex post facto
Definition
can't be charged with a crime prior to it becoming a law
Term
Sheppard v. Maxwell
Definition
Court ruled that Sheppard did not receive a fair trial because of the excess pretrial press publicity
Term
Miranda warning
Definition
Right to remain silent, anything said can be used in court, right to an attorney, an attorney can be provided
Term
Gideon v. Wainwright
Definition
6th Amendment right to assistance of council; all must have legal representation in state trials
Term
4th Amendment
Definition
protection against unreasonable search and seizure
Term
Mapp v. Ohio
Definition
4th amendment exclusionary rule; illegally seized evidence can not be used to convict
Term
Affirmative Action
Definition
equal opportunity in all aspects of job
Term
Allen Bakke v. UC
Definition
racial quotas cannot be sole criterion for admission
Term
Dennis v. U.S
Definition

-Accused of collaborating with Germans

-Court ruled that Dennis did not have 1st amendment rights if he was using right in furtherance of a conspiracy to overthrow the government

Term
Exclusionary Rule
Definition
illegally seized evidence is invalid in court
Term
U.S v. Leon
Definition
illegally seized evidence okay if search was "reasonable"
Term
Engle v. Vitale
Definition
school prayer violated the establishment clause
Term
Roth v. US
Definition

-Anything with redeeming social value must be protected

-Supreme Court redefined the Constitutional test for determining what constitutes "obscene" material unprotected by the First Amendment.

Term
Everson v. Board of Ed.
Definition
schools can subsidize bus transportation of students to religious schools
Term
Brown v. Board of Ed
Definition

- schools could not segregate

- Separate but equal in schools is void

Term
14th Amendment
Definition

Due Process Under the Law

Equal Protection Under the Law

 

Term
What part of the 5th Amendment is not applicable to the states?
Definition
Indictment by grand jury
Term
Privileges and Immunities Clause
Definition
Right to be treated the same in all states; right to travel
Term
Monetary Policy
Definition
regulation of money and inflation by a central bank (fed Reserve) to control inflation and stabilize currency
Term
Fiscal Policy
Definition
Decisions made by president and congress relating to taxation and government spending
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