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| A field of research focusing on people’s positive experiences and characteristics, such as happiness, optimism, and resilience |
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| Analyze the biological factors influencing behaviors and mental processes |
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| Seek to understand, describe, and explore how behavior and mental processes change over a lifetime |
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| Cognitive Psychology (experimental psychology) |
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| Study mental processes Underlying judgment, decision making, problem solving, imagining, and other aspects of human thought |
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| study of characteristics that make individuals similar to, or different from, one another |
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| Clinical and Counseling Psychology |
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| Seek to understand abnormal behavior |
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| working to obtain psychological services for people in need of help and to prevent psychological disorders by working for changes in social systems |
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| Studying the effects of behavior and mental processes on health and illness |
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| Studying methods by which instructors teach and students learn and who apply their results to improving methods |
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| Testing IQs, diagnose students’ academic problems, and set up programs to improve students’ achievement |
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| Studying how people influence one another’s behavior and mental processes, individually and in groups |
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| Industrial/Organizational Psychology |
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| Studying ways to improve efficiency, productivity and satisfaction among workers and the organization that employ them |
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| Developing and using statistical tools to analyze research data |
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| Edward Titchner (trained by Wilhelm Wundt); To study conscious experience and its structure; Methods: Experiments, introspection |
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| Max Wertheimer; To describe the organization of mental processes; Methods: Observation of sensory/perceptual phenomena |
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| William James; To explain personality and behavior; to develop techniques for treating mental disorders; Methods: Individual case study |
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| William James; To study how the mind works in allowing an organism to adapt to the environment; Method: Naturalistic observation of animal and human behavior |
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| John B. Wwatson, B. F. Skinner; to study only observable behavior and explain behavior through learning pronciples; Method: Observation of the relationship between environmental stimuli and behavior responses |
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| An approach to psychology in which behavior and behavior disorders are seen as the result of physical processes, especially those relating to the brain and to hormones and other chemicals |
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| An approach to psychology that emphasizes the inherited, adaptive aspects of behavior and mental processes |
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| A view developed by Freud that emphasizes that interplay of unconscious mental processes in determining human thought, feelings, and behavior |
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| An approach to psychology emphasizing that human behavior is determined mainly by what a person has learned, especially from rewards and punishment |
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| A way of looking at human behavior that emphasizes research on how the brain takes in information, creates perceptions, forms and retrieves. memories, processes information, and generates integrated patterns of action |
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| An approach to psychology that views behavior as controlled by the decisions that people make about their lives based on their perceptions of the world |
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