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| the scientific study of social behavior and human groups |
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| an awareness of the relationship between an individual and the wider society, both today and in the past |
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| the body of knowledge obtained by methods based on systematic observation |
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| the study of various aspects of human society |
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| a set of statements that seeks to explain events, forces, materials, ideas, or behavior |
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| German word for "Understanding" or "insight" in their intellectual work |
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| a construct, a made-up model that serves as a measuring rod against which actual cases can be evaluated |
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| the division of an individual's identity into two or more ssocial realities |
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| concentrates on a large-scale phenomena or entire civilations |
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| concentrates on small groups, often through experimental means |
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| functionalist perspective |
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| thinking of society as a living organism in which each part of the organism contibutes to its survival |
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| an element or process of a society that may actually disrupt the social system or reduce its stability |
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| open, stated, conscious funtions |
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| unconscious or unintended functions that may reflect hidden purpose of an institution |
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| social behavior is best understood in tems of conflict or tension between competing groups |
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| inequity based on gender as central to all behavior nd organizations |
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| interactionist perspective |
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| generalize about everyday forms of social interaction in order to understand society as a whole |
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| symbolic interactions such as gestures, facial expressions, and postures |
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a systematic, organized series of steps that ensures maximum objectivity and consistency in researching a problem
(1) defining the problem
(2) reviewing the literature
(3) formulating the hypothesis
(4) selecting the research design and then collecting and analyzing data
(5) developing the conclusion |
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| an explanation of an abstract concept that is specific enough to allow a researcher to assess the concept |
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| a speculative statement about the relationship between two or mroe factors known as variables |
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| a measurable trait or characteristic that is subject to change under different conditions |
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| the variable hypothesized to cause or influence another |
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| the second variable, its action "depends" on the influence of the independant variable |
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| the relationship between a condition or variable and a particulat consequences , with one event leading to the other |
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| a change in one variable coincides with a change in the other |
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| a selection from a larger population that is stastistically representatince of that population |
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| every member of an entire populationbeing studied has the same chance of being selected |
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| the degree to which to measure or scale truly reflects the phenomenon under study |
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| the extent to which a measure produces consistent results |
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| a factor held constant to test the relative impact of the independant variable |
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| a detailed plan or method for obtaining data scientifically |
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| a study, generally in the form of an interview or questionaire, that provides researchers with information abour how people think and act |
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| a researcher obtains information through face-to-face or telephone questioning |
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| a printed or written form used to obtain information from a respondent |
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| an example is surveys. scientists collect and report data primarily in numerical form |
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| relies on what scientist see in field and naturalistic settings |
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| the study of an entire social setting through extended systematic observation |
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| ab artificially creatd situation that allows the researcher to manipulate variables |
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| exposed to an independent variable |
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| not exposed to independant variable |
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| the unintended influence of observers or experiments on subjects of research, who deviate from their typical behavior because they realize that they are under observation |
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| a variety of research techniques that make use of previsouly collected and publicly accessible information and data |
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| the systematic coding and objective recording of data, guided by some rationale |
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Sociologists must also abide by certain specific standards in conducting research
(1) Maintain objectivity and integrity in research
(2) Respect the subject's right to privacy and dignity
(3) Protect subjects from personal harm
(4) Preserve confidentiality
(5) Seek informed consent when data are collected from research from participants or when behavior occurs in a private context
(6) Acknowledge research collaboration and assistance
(7) Disclose all sources of financial support |
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| the use of the discipline of sociology with the specific intent of yielding practical applications for human behaviors and organizaitons. |
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