Term
| Primary Sex Characteristics |
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Definition
| The genitalia used in the reproductive process |
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Term
| Secondary Sex Characteristics |
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Definition
| The physical traits that identify a persons sex |
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Term
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Definition
| A person in which sexual differentiation is ambiguous or incomplete |
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Term
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Definition
| A person who beileves that he or she was born with the body of the wrong sex |
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Term
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Definition
| A male who lives as a woman or a female who lives as a man but does not alter the genitalia |
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Term
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Definition
| an individuals preference for emotional-sexual relationships with members of the opposite sex (heterosexuality) the same sex (homosexuality) or both (bisexuality) |
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Term
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Definition
| Was created to describe individuals whose appearance, behaviour, or self-identification does not conform to common social rules of gender expression |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the culturally and socially constructed differences between females and males found in the meanings, beliefs, and practices associated with "femininity" and "masculinity" |
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Term
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Definition
| A person's perception of the self as a male or a female |
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Term
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Definition
| The attitudes, behaviour and activities that are socially defined as appropriate for each sex and are learned through the socialization process |
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Term
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Definition
| How a person perceives and feels about his or her body. It also includes an awareness of social conditions in society that contribute to this self knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
| The subordination of on sex, usually female, based on the assumed superiority of the other sex. |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the means by which a society gains the basic necessities of life, including food, shelter and clothing. |
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Term
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Definition
showing favouritism toward one gender over the other
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Term
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Definition
| concentration of women and men in different occupations, jobs and places of work |
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Term
| Labour market segmentation |
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Definition
| division of jobs into categories with distinct working conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| term used to describe the disparity between women and men's wages |
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Term
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Definition
| Reflects the belief that wages ought to reflect the worth of a job, not the gender or race of the worker |
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Term
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Definition
| A strategy to eliminate the effects of discrimination and to fully open the competition for jobs to those who have been excluded historically |
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Term
| Functionalist Theory on Gender |
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Definition
| Relationships between men and women are damaged when changes in gender roles occur and that family life suffers |
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Term
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Definition
| a persons age based on DOB |
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Term
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Definition
| Observable individual attributes- Physical, mobility strength, cooridination and mental capacity |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of people born within a specific period of time |
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Term
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Definition
| number of persons at each age level within the society |
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Term
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Definition
| number and types of positions available to them |
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Term
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Definition
| Infancy, Childhood, Adolescence, Young Adult, Middle Adulthood, Later Adulthood |
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Term
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Definition
| inequalities, differences, segragation or conflict between age groups |
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Term
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Definition
| the production of the male hormone testosterone decreases |
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Term
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Definition
| Prejudice and discrimination against people on the basis of age, particularly when they are older persons |
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Term
| Disengagement Theory(functionalist) |
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Definition
| older persons make a normal and healthy adjustment to aging when they detach themselves from their social roles and prepare for their eventual death |
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Term
Activity Theory (conflict theory)
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Definition
| States that people tend to shift gears in late middle age and find substitutes for previous statuses, roles and activities |
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Term
| Death and Dying (3 points) |
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Definition
-viewed as unnatural
-Most deaths occur in institutions
-Occurance of death may be unclear |
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Term
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Definition
| Documents that state wishes of dying person |
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Term
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Definition
| Social institution that ensures the maintenance of society through the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services |
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Term
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Definition
Tangible objects that are necessary *food, clothing, shelter*
or desired (computers, dvd) |
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Term
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Definition
| Intangible activities for which people are willing to pay (entertainment) |
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Term
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Definition
| Physical and intellectual service, including training, education and individuals abilities that people contribute to the production process |
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Term
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Definition
| The wealth owned or used in business by person or corporation |
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Term
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Definition
Hunting/gathering
Horticultural/pastoral
Agrarian (classical and medival) |
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Term
| Primary Sector Production |
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Definition
| the extraction of raw materials and natural resources from the environment |
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Term
| secondary sector production |
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Definition
| the processing of raw materials into finished goods |
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Term
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Definition
| based on the provision of services rather than goods |
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Term
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Definition
| Based on education and high level skills Example: teachers |
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Term
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Definition
| Based on low levels of education and skills Example: Mcdonalds worker |
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Term
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Definition
| Economic system characterized by private ownership of the means of production from which personal profits can be derived through market competition and withough gov't intervention |
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Term
Early Capitalism in Canada
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Definition
| Based on staples (goods associated with the primary sector) |
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Term
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Definition
| With urbanization , nation-state construction |
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Term
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Definition
| with large scale organizations that have legal powers, such as the ability to enter into contracts and buy and sell property, separate from their individual owners |
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Term
| Multinational Corporations |
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Definition
| Large companies that are head-quartered in one country and have subsidaries in other countries. |
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Term
| Persuit of Personal Profit |
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Definition
| individuals are free to maximize their gain through personal profit and in turn all people will benefit |
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Term
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Definition
| early capitalism thrived on this, late capitalism has moved to monopolies |
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Term
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Definition
| When several (or one) companies control an entire industry (example: Microsoft with no competitors) |
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Term
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Definition
| An economic system characterized by public ownership of the means of production, the pursuit of collective goals and centralized decision making |
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Term
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Definition
| Combines elements of a market economy with elements of a socialist economy |
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Term
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Definition
| and economic system that combines private ownership of some of the means of production, governmental distribution of some essential goods and services, and free elections |
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Term
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Definition
| Expansion or when business had confidence: when a peak is reached there is inflation followed by a decline |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the incline of peaks and the decrease of troughs |
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Term
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Definition
| work as seen as an important source of self identity |
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Term
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Definition
| Categories of jobs that involve similar activities at different work sites |
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Term
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Definition
| Factory, craft-workers and manual labour |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| High status, knowledge based |
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Term
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Definition
Abstract, specialized knowledge
autonomy
self-regulation
Authority
Altruism |
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Term
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Definition
| Administrators : Managers and supervisors |
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Term
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Definition
| breaking up work into specialized tasks and minute operations resulting in shifting of the control of the work from the workers to management |
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Term
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Definition
| The use of hierarchical authority structures and scientific management techniques in industrial production |
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Term
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Definition
| Social institution which power is acquired and exercised |
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Term
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Definition
| Formal organization, legal and political authority, regulates relationships among members of a society |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability of persons or group to carry out their will even when opposed by others |
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Term
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Definition
| Power that is accepted a legitimate rather that coercive |
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Term
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Definition
| Power legitimized on the basis of a leaders exceptional personal qualities |
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Term
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Definition
| Power that is legitimized by respect for long-standing custom |
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Term
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Definition
| Power legitimized by law or written rules and regulations |
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Term
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Definition
Hunting and gathering=no political institutions
First emerged in agrarian societies |
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Term
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Definition
| Political system in which power resides in one person or family ->passed from generation to generation through lines of inheritance |
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Term
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Definition
| Controlled by rulers who deny popular participation in government |
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Term
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Definition
| the state seeks to regulate all aspects of public and private lives |
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Term
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Definition
people hold the ruling power either directly or through elected representatives
*direct participatory
*representatives |
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Term
| Pluralist Model (funtionalist) |
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Definition
| Power in political systems is widely dispersed throughout many competing interest groups |
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Term
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Definition
| Power concentrated in the hands of a small group of elites and the masses are relatively powerless |
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Term
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Definition
Organization whose purpose is to gain and hold legitamate control of government
*two primary parties-> liberal and conservative |
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Term
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Definition
Process by which people learn political attitudes values and behaviours
Family= primary agent for political socialization |
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Term
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Definition
1. Voting
2. attending/taking part in political campaigns
3. participating in political meetings
4. Running for/holding office
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Term
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Definition
| Relationships in which people live together with commitment, form an economic unit and care for any young, and consider their identity to be significantly attached to the group |
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Term
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Definition
| Unit composed of relatives in addition to parents and children who live in the same household |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Family composed of one or two parents and their dependent children, all of whome live apart from other relatives |
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Term
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Definition
-legally recognized and/or
-socially approved arrangement
-carries rights and obligations
-usually involves sexual activity |
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Term
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Definition
A marriage to one person at a time
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Term
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Definition
| marriage to two or more members of the opposite sex |
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Term
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Definition
| one woman and multiple men |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| lineage traced through the father |
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Term
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Definition
| lineage traced through the mother |
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Term
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Definition
| lineage traced through both mom and dad |
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Term
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Definition
| authoruty is held by eldest male (usually father) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Both parents share authority |
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Term
| Funtional perspective of Family |
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Definition
-sexual regulation
-socialization
-economic and psychological support
-provision of social status |
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Term
| Conflict perspective of family |
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Definition
-families as a source of social inequality
-an exploitive social institution
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Term
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Definition
| Families establish identities |
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Term
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Definition
Families are diverse and fragmented
boundaries blurred between work and home |
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Term
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Definition
Deciding not to have children
adoption
new reproductive technologies
-Prevent birth
-monitor new life
-aid conception |
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Term
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Definition
-legal process, dissolves marriage, permits remarriage
-irreconcilable differences
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Term
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Definition
| the attitude that only hetrosexuality is a valid form of sexual behaviour |
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Term
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Definition
parenting alone- choice or necessity
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Term
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Definition
| the social institution responsible for knowledge, skills and cultural values with in a formally organized structure |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which children and recent immigrants become acquainted with the dominant culture beliefs, values, norms and accumulated knowledge of society |
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Term
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Definition
| have no written language and are characterized by basic technology and a simple division of labour |
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Term
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Definition
| learning that occurs in a spontaneous, unplanned way (bathroom education) Ex a grandparents story |
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Term
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Definition
| takes place within an academic setting->school... Planned instructional process, teachers who convey specific knowledge, skills and thinking process |
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Term
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Definition
| providing free, public schooling for wide segments of nations population |
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Term
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Definition
| education is one of the most important components of society |
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Term
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Definition
| Education is crucial for promoting social solidarity and stability is society |
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Term
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Definition
| Conveys moral values-the foundation of a cohesive social order |
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Term
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Definition
| Open, Stated and inteded goals or consequences of activity within an organization or institution |
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Term
| Socialization (education) |
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Definition
K-university
Recieve political socialization in the form of history and civics lessons |
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Term
| Transmission of Culture (education) |
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Definition
| schools transmit cultural norms and values to each new generation and play an active part in the process of assimilation->immigrants learn dominant cultural values and attitudes |
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Term
| Social Control (education) |
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Definition
| Schools teach discipline, respect, obedience, punctuality and perseverance. |
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Term
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Definition
| Student populations change over time, new programs to meet social needs eg sex ed, drug ed, multicultural |
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Term
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Definition
| social assets that include values, beliefs, attitudes and competencies in language and culture |
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Term
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Definition
| Assignment of students to specific courses and educational programs based on their test scores, previous grades or both |
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Term
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Definition
| The transmission of cultural values and attitudes, such as conformity and obedience to authority through implied demands found in rules, routines and regulations of schools |
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Term
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Definition
| a process in which class advatage and social status are linked to the possession of academic qualifications |
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Term
| Symbolic interactionist (ed.) |
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Definition
| Study of classroom communication patterns and educational practices such as labeling the affect students self concept and aspirations |
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Term
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Definition
| a system of beliefs, symbols and rituals based on some sacred or super natural realm, that guides human behaviour, gives meaning to life and unites believers into a community |
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Term
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Definition
| unquestioning belief that does not require proof or scientific evidence |
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Term
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Definition
| those aspects of life that are extraordinary or supernatural |
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Term
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Definition
| the everyday, secular or worldly aspects of life |
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Term
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Definition
| the belief that supernatural forces affect peoples lives either positively or negatively |
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Term
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Definition
| the belief that plants, animals or other elements of the natural world are endowed with spirits or life forces that have an impact on events in society |
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Term
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Definition
| the belief in God or gods |
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Term
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Definition
| The belief in a single, supreme being.. responsible for significant events- such as the creation of the earth |
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Term
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Definition
| belief in more than one god |
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Term
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Definition
| religion based on a belief in divine spiritual forces such as sacred principles of thought and conduct rather than a God or gods |
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Term
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Definition
essential for maintenance of society
was a cultural universal found in all societies
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Term
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Definition
providing meaning and purpose of life
promoting social cohesion and sense of belonging
providing social control and support for the govt.
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Systematic reviews of the way the world ought to be -are embedded in religious doctrines and political values (marx) |
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Term
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Definition
| Argued religion could help produce social change |
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Term
| Symbolic interactionist (religion) |
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Definition
| Focus on a micro level analysis that examins the meanings that people give to religion in their everyday lives |
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Term
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Definition
| a large, organized religious body that tends to seek accomodation with the larger society in order to maintain some degree of control over it |
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Term
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Definition
| a relatively small religious group that has broken away from another religious organization to renew what it views as thr original version of the faith |
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Term
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Definition
| a religious group with practices and teaches outside the dominant cultural religious traditions of a society |
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Term
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Definition
| calling it the state of complete physical, mental and social well being |
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Term
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Definition
| an institutionalized system for the scientific diagnosis, treatment and prevention of illness |
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Term
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Definition
| any activity intended to improve health |
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Term
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Definition
| meds that emphasize a healthy lifestyle in order to prevent poor health before it occurs |
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Term
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Definition
1. sick person is temp. exempt from normal social responsibilities
2. sick person is not responsible for condition
3. sick person must want to get better
4. must seek competent help and cooperate with health care practioners
5. physicians are the "gatekeepers" who maintain societys control over poeple who enter sick role
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Term
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Definition
| Illness of limited duration from which the person recovers or dies (flu, chicken pox) |
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Term
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Definition
| is applied to a long term or permenant codition that may or may not be fatal (M.S. , arthritis) |
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Term
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Definition
| Is clearly illustrated in the debate over the allocation of money for research and treatment for different diseases Ex gay rights has lobbied the state for research on aids |
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Term
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Definition
| process whereby an object or a condition becomes defined by society as a physical or psychological illness |
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Term
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Definition
| term for diseases such as alzheimers, that involve a progressive impairment of judgement and memory |
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Term
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Definition
| Sudden, significant increases in the numbers of people contracting a disease |
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Term
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Definition
| a physical or health condition that reduces a persons ability to perform tasks he or she would normally do at a given stage of life |
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Term
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Definition
| the subfield of sociology that examines population size, composition, and distribution |
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Term
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Definition
| the actual level of childbearing for an individual or a population |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of live births per 1000 people in a population in a given year |
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Term
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Definition
| the incidence of death in a population |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of deaths per 1000 people in a population in a given year |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1000 live births in a given year |
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Term
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Definition
| the movement of people from one geographic area to another for the purpose of changing residency |
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Term
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Definition
| The movement of people in a geographic area to take up residency |
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Term
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Definition
| The movement of people out of a geographic area to take up residence elsewhere |
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Term
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Definition
| the biological and social characteristics of a population |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of males for every hundred females in a given population |
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Term
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Definition
| A geographic representation of the distribution of a population by sex and age |
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Term
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Definition
| Dramatic increase in births during 1946-1966 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which some societies have moved from high birth and death rates to low rates as a result of technological development |
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Term
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Definition
| one or more central cities an their surrounding suburbs and dominate the economic and cultural life of a region |
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Term
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Definition
| the densly populated centre of a metropolis |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the relationship between people and their physical environment |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which a new category of people or type of land use arrives in an area previously occupied by another group or land use |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which a new category of people or tpe of land use gradually predominates in an area formerly dominated by another group or activity |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which members of the middle and upper middle classes move into the central city area and renovate existing properties |
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Term
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Definition
| students, artists, writers, musicians and professionals that live in a city because of its culturak faciities |
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Term
| Unmarried and childrenless |
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Definition
| live in cities to work and entertainment |
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Term
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Definition
| live in ethnically segregated neighborhoods |
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Term
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Definition
| poor individuals with dim future prospects |
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Term
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Definition
| urban dwellers that can find no escape from the city |
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Term
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Definition
| the alterations, modifications and transformations of public policy , culture or social institutions over time |
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Term
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Definition
| voluntary activity that is engaged in by a large number of people and typically violates dominant group norms and values |
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Term
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Definition
| a relatively large number of poeple who are in one another's immediate vicinity |
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Term
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Definition
| is a number of people who share an interest in a specific idea or issue but are not in one anothers immediate vicinity |
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Term
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Definition
| publicly expressed feeling percieved by participants and observers as the most prominent in an episode of collective behaviour |
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Term
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Definition
| relatively large gatherings of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time |
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Term
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Definition
| made up of people who specifically come together for a scheduled event and thus share a common focus |
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Term
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Definition
| provide opportunities for the expression of some strong emotion |
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Term
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Definition
| collectivities so intensely focused on a specific purpose or object that they may erupt into violent or destructive behaviour |
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Term
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Definition
| a highly emotional crowd whose members engage in or are ready to engage in violence against a specific target- a person, category of people or physical property |
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Term
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Definition
| violent crowd behaviour that is fuelled by deep seated emotions but not directed at one specific target |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of crowd behaviour that occurs when a large number of people react to a real or percieved threat with strong emotions and self destructive behaviour |
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Term
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Definition
| engage in activity in order to achieve specific political goals |
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Term
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Definition
| non-violent action that seeks to change a policy or law by refusing to comply with it |
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Term
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Definition
| focuses on the social psychological aspects of collective behaviour |
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Term
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Definition
| the interactive communication between persons such that the discontent of one person is communicated to another who in turn reflects the discontent back to the first person |
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Term
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Definition
| focuses on the shared emotions, goals, and beliefs many people bring to crowd behaviour |
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Term
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Definition
| emphasizes the importance of social norms in sharing crowd behaviour Ex LA riots of 92 -purposively targeted korean businesses |
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Term
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Definition
| Collective behaviour that takes place when people respond to the same event in much the same way |
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Term
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Definition
| unsubstantiated reports on an issue or subject |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to rumors about the personal lives of individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of dispersed collective that occurs when a large number of people react with strong emotions and self destructive behaviour to a real or percieved threat |
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Term
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Definition
| a temporary but widely copied activity enthusiastically followed by large numbers of people EG harry potter |
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Term
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Definition
| may be defined as a currently valued style of behaviour, thinking or appearance |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of the political attitudes and beliefs communicated by ordinary citizens to decision makers |
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Term
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Definition
| information provided by individuals or groups that have a vested interest in furthering their own cause or damaging an opposing one |
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Term
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Definition
| an organized group that acts consciously to promote or resist change through collective action |
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Term
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Definition
| sek to improve society by changing some specific aspect of the social structure |
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Term
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Definition
| movements seeking to bring about a total change in society |
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Term
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Definition
| The calculated unlawful use of physical force or threats of violence against persons or property in order to intimidate or coerce a govt, organization or individual for the purpose of gaining some political, religious, economic or social objective |
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Term
| Resource mobilization theory |
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Definition
| focuses on the process through which members of a social movement gather, trade, use and occasionally waste resources as they seek to advance their casue. |
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Term
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Definition
| people must become aware of a significant problem and have the opportunity to engage in collective action |
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Term
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Definition
| when a society or community is unable to meet peoples expectations that something should be done aboue a problem, strain occurs in the system |
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Term
| Spread of generalized beliefs |
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Definition
| for a movement to develop, there must be a clear statement of the problem and a shared view of its cause, effects, and possible solution |
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Term
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Definition
| the reinforce the existing generalized beliefs, an inciting incident or dramatic event must occur |
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Term
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Definition
| at this stage leaders emerge to organize others and give them a sense of direction |
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Term
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Definition
| if there is a high level of social control on the part of the law enforcement officials, political leaders and others it becomes more difficult to develop a social movement or engage in certain types of collective action |
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Term
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Definition
| the belief that a disproportionate number of hazardous facilities are placed in low income areas populated primarily by people of colour |
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