Term
| What is the difference between sensation and perception? |
|
Definition
Sensation: Process of receiving stimulus energy from the environment
Perception: Process of interpreting sensory information |
|
|
Term
| What is an absolute threshold? |
|
Definition
| Minimum amount of stimulation necessary to detect stimulus 50% of the time |
|
|
Term
| What is subliminal stimulation? |
|
Definition
| Stimulation that occurs below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness |
|
|
Term
| How powerful are the effects of subliminal stimulation? |
|
Definition
| Not very strong: all they do is prime our thoughts and remind us of stuff |
|
|
Term
| What is a difference threshold? |
|
Definition
| Minimum amount of stimulation change necessary to detect the change 50% of the time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Preocess by which stimulus energies are converted to neural messages |
|
|
Term
| What is the stimulus energy for vision? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 steps (in order) of transduction for vision? |
|
Definition
1. Light enters eye through cornea
2. Passes though pupil and lens
3. Image projected onto retina
4. Light waves are transducted into neural messages and sent down optic nerve to thalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Colored muscle that adjusts light intake by contracting |
|
|
Term
What are the receptor cells for vision?
Where are they? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do cats see better than us in the dark, but can't see color? |
|
Definition
| They have a higher concentration of rods |
|
|
Term
| What is the stimulus energy for hearing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the outer ear, sound waves are funneled through the _______, travel along the _______ ________, and then bump up against the ________ _______. |
|
Definition
Pinna;
Auditory Canal;
Tympanic Membrane |
|
|
Term
| What is the tympanic membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does sound get transmitted through the middle ear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the inner ear, the movement of he oval window causes what? |
|
Definition
| Ripples of movement of fluid-filled cochlea |
|
|
Term
| When the fluid in the cochlea is set in motion, it causes what to happen? |
|
Definition
| Hair cells bend with motion of fluid |
|
|
Term
| What are the receptor cells for hearing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| We detect differences in timing and intensity of the signals that the 2 ears receive |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 distinct skin senses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Since pain is primarily in the brain, what are 2 ways(besides drugs) we can reduce pain? |
|
Definition
| Distracting the brain using motivation and counter-stimulation |
|
|
Term
| What is the stimulus energy for taste? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the receptor cells for taste? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 taste sensations? |
|
Definition
Sweet
Salty
Bitter
Sour
Unami |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| You inhale something of whatever it is you are smelling |
|
|
Term
Where does olfactory information go first in the brain?
What are the implications of this? |
|
Definition
Limbic System;
Smell is the strongest linked sense to memory (especially emotional ones) |
|
|
Term
| What is the definition of learning (from class)? |
|
Definition
| Relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Process of learning by association |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the Russian physiologist who discovered classical conditioning? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the formula for classical conditioning? |
|
Definition
US = UR
CS + US = UR
CS = CR |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ceasing of a response due to a weakened association |
|
|
Term
| What is classical conditioning? |
|
Definition
| Type of learning in which organisms learn an association between two stimuli |
|
|
Term
| Mariah has recently been dating a guy who drives a maroon SUV. She really likes him. Now every time Mariah is on the road and sees a maroon SUV, even when she's sure it's not him, she gets butterflies in her stomach. What is the US? What is the CS? |
|
Definition
US- guy she's dating
CS- maroon SUV |
|
|
Term
| Jame's little brother Brandon is obsessed with Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. Unfortunately for James, Brandon likes to pretend that James is a member of the Foot Clan. Too often, James hears "Cowabunga dude!" right before Brandon comes flying out from somewhere and attacks him with crazy ninja moves. Now, whenever James is anywhere - even when he knows Brandon is not around - and he hears someone say "Cowabunga dude!" (which happens more often than you'd thing) he is afraid. What is the US? What is the CS? |
|
Definition
US- little brother jumping out and scaring him
CS- "Cowabunga dude!" |
|
|
Term
| An advertising company has just made a commercial for air freshener. In the commercial, cute little creatures are snuggled in their homes, enjoying the fresh smell. What is the US? What is the CS? |
|
Definition
US- cute creatures
CS- air freshener |
|
|
Term
| We are biologically prepared to learn some things very quickly - after perhaps just one association. What are those things (there are two of them)? |
|
Definition
| Condition taste aversion and fear |
|
|
Term
| Anthony used to love pizza. However, one night after eating pizza, he got the stomach flu. He puked up the pizza, and now he can't bring himself to even think about ever eating again. What is the CS? What is this called? |
|
Definition
| Pizza; Conditioned fear aversion |
|
|
Term
| ________ conducted a very famous study on the acquisition of fear, called the Little ________ study. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the US in Watson's study with Little Albert? What was the CS? What was the CR? |
|
Definition
US = gong
CS = rat
CR = fear |
|
|
Term
| In the study on fear conditioning discussed in class, the baby's fear generalized. What does this mean? |
|
Definition
| When behavior occurs to stimuli similar to the original CS |
|
|
Term
| What is operant conditioning? |
|
Definition
| Type of learning in which a behavior is associated with a consequence |
|
|
Term
| In what 2 ways is operant conditioning different from classical conditioning? |
|
Definition
Response is a choice;
Association is between a behavior and its consequence |
|
|
Term
| If given an example of a conditioning situation, be able to identify whether it is classical or operant conditioning |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There are two types of consequences in operant conditioning. _______ increases behaviors and _______ decreases behaviors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the formula for operant conditioning? |
|
Definition
| Stimulus-Response-Consequences |
|
|
Term
| _______ used puzzle boxes to study how cats. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the Law of Effect state? |
|
Definition
| Consequence of behavior determines whether or not it is repeated |
|
|
Term
| Who designed the operant chamber? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an operant chamber? |
|
Definition
| Sound proof chamber that contains a lever or key for animal to use and usually a food dish, lights, grid floor and speaker |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reinforcing complex behavior in steps |
|
|
Term
| How can shaping make tantrums worse? |
|
Definition
| When parents try to not reinforce the original tantrum, but them reinforce the worse tantrum, the tantrum gets shaped |
|
|
Term
| What are positive reinforcers? Give an example. |
|
Definition
Giving something in order to increase behavior;
Food, attention, money |
|
|
Term
| What are negative reinforcers? Give an example. |
|
Definition
Take something away in order to increase behavior;
Ungrounding and relief from chores |
|
|
Term
| What are primary reinforcers? Give an example. |
|
Definition
| Things we naturally like; Food, sex and attention |
|
|
Term
| What are secondary reinforcers? Give an example. |
|
Definition
Things we learn to like through association with primary reinforcers;
Money |
|
|
Term
| What is observational learning? |
|
Definition
| Learning by observing and imitating others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Frontal lobe neurons that fire when observing another person's behavior |
|
|
Term
| How do mirror neurons allow us to be empathetic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ used a ________ doll to study how children learn aggressive behavior through observational learning |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 processes of memory? |
|
Definition
| Encoding, storage and retrieval |
|
|
Term
| _______ is the process of putting information into memory. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name and briefly describe 2 types of information we automatically encode. |
|
Definition
Space: Encode place where info is located
Sequence of Events: We can retrace out steps |
|
|
Term
| _______ studied memory by memorizing lists on nonsense syllables |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the spacing effect have to do with how you should study for exams? |
|
Definition
| We remember info better when our studying is spaced out over time |
|
|
Term
________ practice can produce speedy short-term learning and feelings of confidence.
________ practice produces better long-term memory. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the serial position effect? |
|
Definition
| Our tendency to remember the first and last item on a list the best |
|
|
Term
| When encoding verbal information, we usually encode its _________ rather than the sounds or words themselves. This is why it is so helpful to elaborate on the information |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If we had to remember a list of words, why would it be easier to encode words like "desk" and "lamp" rather than "justice" and "freedom"? |
|
Definition
| We can remember it better if we can picture it |
|
|
Term
| Given what we know about how memory works, why is it such a good idea to have class notes organized into an outline? |
|
Definition
| We are better at encoding information that is organized |
|
|
Term
| What is chunking? Give one real life example of it. |
|
Definition
Organizing information into managable units for better memory.
Phone numbers and the alphabet |
|
|
Term
| According to the conceptualization of memory storage discussed in class, what are the 3 compartments of memory storage? |
|
Definition
Sensory memory
Short-term memory
Long-term memory |
|
|
Term
| _________ memory is where information from the world, in its original sensory form, is held for only an instant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ memory is where information is that we are currently paying attention to, thinking about, or working with. It only holds about 7 +/- 2 items for only about 15 seconds (unless we keep thinking about it) |
|
Definition
| Short-term or working memory |
|
|
Term
| __________ memory is the compartment of memory storage that is essentially limitless in its capacity and duration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Declarative memory that can be easily be put into words, but requires conscious attention |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Memory for personal episodes
Autobiographical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Memory for facts about the world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Non-declarative. Memory that cannot be easily out into wotds, but can recalled without conscious attention |
|
|
Term
| What is procedural memory? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the brain are memories actually stored? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does connectionisism view memory? |
|
Definition
As a spiderweb;
System of "nodes" of knowledge |
|
|
Term
| Durning learning, neural interconnections form and stregthen. This increase in synaptic efficiency that occurs during learning is called ________ _________ _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what 2 ways does neural communication become more efficient during LTP? |
|
Definition
| Neurons fire more rapidly Neurons fire more neurotransmitter |
|
|
Term
| Neurologically speaking, should emotional memories be remembered better or worse? Why? |
|
Definition
| Better because when our amygdala is processing emotions, it boosts activity in our hippocamous |
|
|
Term
| __________ memories are memories of emotionally significant events that are unusually vivid and accurate. An example would be our ability to remember exactly where we were and what we were doing when we heard about 9/11 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anything that helps us to remember |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Activation of particular associations in memory |
|
|
Term
| How do cognitive psychologists explain deja vu? |
|
Definition
| Feeling of reliving an event because context is loaded with multiple cues from multiple experience |
|
|
Term
| What is state-dependent learning? |
|
Definition
| We remember info better if we are in same mental state as when we learned it |
|
|
Term
| How could forgetting actually help survival? |
|
Definition
| Losing unimportant stuff allows for more efficient recall |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between proactive and retroactive interference? |
|
Definition
Proactive: old info interferes with memory of new info
Retroactive: new info interferes with memory of old info |
|
|
Term
| Give 2 examples of motivated forgetting. |
|
Definition
Revising histories
Remembering more flattering stories |
|
|
Term
| What is repression? Why do we do it? |
|
Definition
| Shove painful memories into unconscious for protection |
|
|
Term
| Why do increasing numbers of memory researchers think that repression rarely, if ever, occurs? |
|
Definition
| It doesn't make sense neurologically because |
|
|
Term
| H.M. is a famous case of someone with _______ amnesia. He remembers his past, but he cannot form new episodic or semantic memories. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the primary symptom of retrograde amnesia? |
|
Definition
| Memory loss for segment of the past |
|
|
Term
| _______ shook up our ideas about memory in the hundreds of experiments she did on memory construction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Briefly describe the study in which Loftus demonstrated the misinformation effect. |
|
Definition
| Showed 2 groups the same video of a car crash. She then asked how fast the car was going at the time of impact but with one group she used the word "hit" and the other she used "smashed". The group where "smashed" was said, the speed of the car was much faster than "hit". |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between trial-and-error problem-solving techniques and the use of algorithms? |
|
Definition
Trial-and-error: Attempt various solutions until stumbling upon one that works
Algorithms: Step-by-step procedure that guarantees a soution |
|
|
Term
| When solving problems, we may follow a methodical step-by-step procedure that guarantees a solution, called a(n) _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When solving problems, we may use short-cut strategies, involving simple "rules of thumb", called _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When solving problems, sometimes the solution just comes to us in a sudden and often novel realization, a flash of _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One obstacle to accurate problem solving is the confirmation bias. Briefly explain what this is. |
|
Definition
| Our tendency to seek out information that confirms our ideas and ignore information that contradicts it |
|
|
Term
| Sometimes when attempting to solve a problem, we get stuck in a rut. We can't "think outside the box" or see the problem from a fresh perspective. This is called __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is functional fixedness? |
|
Definition
| Our tendency to think of things in terms of their usual functions |
|
|
Term
| If I make a judgement about you based on how you measure up to a prototype or stereotype I have in mine, which heuristic am I using? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If I decide not to swim in the ocean because I can thin of many examples of shark attacks, and thus assume that they are quite common, which heuristic am I using? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Children learn language in a universal, predictable pattern. Describe that pattern (what happens at 4 months, 1 year and 2 years old)? |
|
Definition
| 4 months: Babbling a bunch of random noises 1 year: Words; usually names of important people, animals or food 2 years: 2 word statements and a word explosion |
|
|
Term
| How did Skinner explain language acquistion |
|
Definition
In terms of learning;
Language is nothing more than learned behavior |
|
|
Term
| According to _________, humans are born biologically pre-wired to learn language, and are in fact born with a Language Acquisition Device (LAD) in their brians |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Studies of feral children have yielded evidence for a critical period in language acquisition. Briefly explain what this means. |
|
Definition
The time in life by which language must be mastered, or none will be;
In humans, it is by the age of 7 |
|
|
Term
| What does a cross-fostering experiment entail? |
|
Definition
| When the young of one species are raised by another |
|
|
Term
| The ________ raised a chimpanzee named _______ as if she were a deaf human child. They successfully taught her American Sign Language. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Gardner's recognized 2 reasons why it was silly that we were attempting to teach chimpanzees to speak. What were those 2 reasons? |
|
Definition
Their tongues are too think;
In the wild, chimps communicate with guestures |
|
|
Term
| Name 2 other apes, besides Washoe, who have learned some form of human language |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the primary symptom of savant syndrome? |
|
Definition
| Exceptional specific skill, but otherwise limited in mental ability |
|
|
Term
| What was the operational definition of intelligence given,in class and typically used in psychology? |
|
Definition
| Ability to learn from experience and adapt to new situations |
|
|
Term
| According to Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence, what 3 types of intelligence are there? |
|
Definition
Analytical
Creative
Practical |
|
|
Term
| What do emotional intelligence? |
|
Definition
| Ability to understand your emotions and the emotions of other and act appropriately |
|
|
Term
| Who designed the first intelligence test? What did they actually set out to measure? |
|
Definition
Binet and Simon
Mental age |
|
|
Term
| What do the letters of IQ stand for? How is it calculated |
|
Definition
Intelligence Quotient
Mental Age/Chronological Age *100 |
|
|
Term
| What is the definition of motivation given in class? |
|
Definition
| Need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it toward a goal |
|
|
Term
| According the the _______ ________ theory of motivation, physiological needs create an aroused psychological state. This aroused state pushes us to reduce or satisfy those needs/ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to the Drive-Reduction Theory of Motivation, the aim of all we do is ________, which is a state of physiological balance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some motivated behavior seems to be done in order to increase arousal. Briefly explain. |
|
Definition
We get bored and curious;
We are driven to be stimulated;
We seek an optimum level of arousal known as the Yerkes-Dodson Law |
|
|
Term
| Draw and properly label Maslow's hierarchy of needs. |
|
Definition
(Triangle w/ 5 levels- listed top to bottom)
1. Self-Actualization
2. Self-Esteem
3. Belonging
4. Safety
5. Physical Needs |
|
|
Term
| What is self-actualization? |
|
Definition
| Reaching our full potential |
|
|
Term
| What is more important to the experience of hunger than stomach pangs? |
|
Definition
| Variations in body chemistry |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between the hormones orexin and obestatin? |
|
Definition
Orexin = hunger-triggering hormone
Obestatin = fullness signals |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of psychology affecting our hunger. |
|
Definition
| We crave food and feel hungry when we are in a situation that is associated with eating (food cues) |
|
|
Term
| Name 3 ways taste preferences can be created. |
|
Definition
Cultural
Genetic
Conditioned |
|
|
Term
| List 3 symptoms of eating disorders overall. |
|
Definition
1. Relentless pursuit of thinness
2. Distorted body image
3. Perfectionist standards
4. Intensely concerned with how others perceive them |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between anorexia and bulimia? |
|
Definition
Anorexia: Through starvation
Bulimia: Through binging and purging |
|
|
Term
| What causes eating disorders? |
|
Definition
| Family setting unrealistic standards and a weight-obsessed culture |
|
|
Term
| List 3 environmental causes of obesity. |
|
Definition
1. Food is everywhere and it's cheap
2. We live in a sedentary world
3. Cultural customs require food |
|
|
Term
| Obesity increases the risk of many health issues. Name 2 of them. |
|
Definition
Diabetes
Arthritis
Heart Attack
Sleep Apnea |
|
|
Term
| Briefly explain 2 psychological/social effects of obesity. |
|
Definition
1. Stereotyped as slow, lazy and sloppy.
2. Trouble finding a romantic partner |
|
|
Term
| Sex drive is regulated by what 2 things? |
|
Definition
| Hormones and Hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| List the 4 stages of Masters and Johnson's Human Sexual Response Cycle. |
|
Definition
| Excitement, Plateau, Orgasm, and Resolution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Explosive discharge of tension |
|
|
Term
| During resolution, the final stage of the Human Sexual Response Cycle, men experience a refractory period. What does this mean? |
|
Definition
| Period in which renewed arousal is not possible |
|
|
Term
| What is our most significant sex organ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List 3 negative side effects of overexposure to porn. |
|
Definition
1. Numbness to sexual arousal
2. Increase in acceptance of rape myth
3. Devalue own partner |
|
|
Term
| What is sexual orientation? |
|
Definition
| Our enduring sexual attraction |
|
|
Term
| Is sexual orientation an either/or thing? Briefly explain. |
|
Definition
| No, psychologists conceptualize it as a spectrum |
|
|
Term
| What is the official stance of the APA regarding sexual orientation? |
|
Definition
| Sexual orientation is not a choice, nor can it be changed |
|
|
