Which subfield of psychology looks at how mental processes and behaviors relate to the physical structure and chemical functioning of the brain?

Biological (or Physiological) Psychology

Which subfield of psychology is concerned with what makes people unique?

Personality Psychology

Which subfield of psychology is concerned with group behavior?

Social Psychology

Industrial-Organizational Psychology

Which subfield of psychology aims to CORRECT abnormal functioning?

Clinical Psychology

Which subfield of psychology aims to PREVENT mental disorders?

Community Psychology

Which subfield of psychology seeks to understand the process of emotional, cognitive, social and biological development?

Developmental Psychology

Which approach to psychology would understand smoking as a nicotine addiction?

Biological Approach

Which approach to psychology looks to the unconscious to explain our behaviors?

Psychodynamic or Psychosexual Approach

Which approach to psychology holds that our internal desires need to be satisfied within social limits? 

Psychodynamic or Psychosexual Approach

Who initiated the psychodynamic/psychosexual approach to understanding behavior? 

Where was he from?

Sigmund Freud

Vienna, Austria

Who is the father of Behaviorism?

John Watson

Behavioral Approach

Who thought it was a good idea to traumatize a child name Albert with a white rat to prove that behaviors are learned?

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John Watson

 The (not so nice) father of Behaviorism

Which approach to psychology emphasizes mental processes such as thinking, rationalizing, judgment and reasoning?

Cognitive Approach

What is psychology?

The science of behaviors and mental processes of organisms

Which approach to psychology would agree with this statement?

Smoking is learned.

The Behavioral Approach

Which approach to psychology would ask this question of a smoker?

What are your perceptions of the dangers of smoking?

The Cognitive Approach

What are the goals of psychology research?

To describe, predict, control and explain behaviors and mental processes

What are the pros and con of SURVEYS as a research method?

PROS

quick, low cost, good starting place, shows correlations

CONS

people lie, non-responder bias, may not be representative sample of population

What are the pros and cons of CASE STUDIES as a research method?

 PROS:

The information could not be obtained in any other manner. (e.g. research on serial killers)

CONS:

Case studies are taken in retrospect, so there are always distortions and oversights

"Antidepressant x will increase your sense of well-being" is which part of the scientific process?

Hypothesis

When a hypothesis becomes widely accepted as a tentative explanation for phenomenon, what is it called? 

A Theory

Which research method observes the subject in their natural environment?

Naturalistic Observation or Field Study

(e.g. Margaret Mead, Samoa)

Which research method might be used to study bipolar disorder?

Case Study

Which research method is often used by organizational psychologist?

Naturalistic Observation

Which research method is the only one to identify cause and effect relationships?

The mighty experiment

In an experiment, what is the variable that the experimenter INputs and manipulates called?

The INdependent variable (IV)

In an experiment, what is the output or result called?

Dependent Variable

(the output DEPENDs on the input)

In an experiment, which group experiences an experimental treatment or condition?

The Experimental Group

In an experiment, which group does not experience the experimental condition or treatment? 

The Control Group

Are the experimental group and the control group part of the independent variable or the dependent variable?

They are part of then INput and part of the INdependent Variable.

What method of research subject selection gives everyone in a population an equal chance of being selected?

Random Sampling

What are variables that unintentionally effect the outcome of an experiment called?

Confounding Variables

What is it called when an experimenter influences the results of the experiment?

Experimenter Bias

The statement, "Students who sit closer to the board will do better on exams than students who sit in the back of the class." is what part of an experiment?

Hypothesis

In an experiment looking at the correlation between where students sit in a classroom (front, middle or back) and how well they perform on tests, what parts of the experiment are the independent variable?

The groups of students who sit in the front, middle and back of the classroom.

The results of the experiment

In this case, the test scores of the students

How can one prevent experimenter bias and bias of subjects?

Double-Blind Design

  Is a placebo part of the independent or dependent variable in an experiment?

Independent Variable

What treatment does a control group receive in an experiment?

The control group recieves no treatment or a placebo treatment

How do you determine the MOde of a set of data?

Look for the number that appears the MOst. If no number appears more than any other, there is no mode. If multiple numbers appear the most, they are all the mode. 

How do you determine the mean of a set of data?

Find the sum of the data points, divide this sum by the total number of data points 

How do you find the median of a set of data?

Arrange the data in order of least to greatest or greatest to least. The median is the number at the exact center of this list. If there are two numbers at the center, it is the average of these two numbers. 

Who was the 1690's philosopher who believed that we are born as a blank slate or "tabula rasa", and that experiences create the individual?

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John Locke

Did John Locke believe that individuals were a product of nature, nurture or both?

Nuture

What neurologist from 19th century Vienna, Austria developed the Psychosexual/ Psychodynamic theory of psychological development?

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Sigmund Freud

What famous1760's Swiss philosopher argued that children should be allowed to grow with little guidance or pressure from parents?

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Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Nature

Which theory of psychological development linked emotional development with stages of sexual development ?

Whose theory was this?

Pyschodynamic Theory

This was Freud's theory

What is the first stage in Freud's theory of psychodynamic/psychosexual development?

What ages did he ascribe this stage to?

The Oral Stage

from birth to 1 year old

What behaviors might Freudian psychologists attribute to over or under stimulation in the oral stage?

Alcoholism, Cigarette Smoking, Lip Biting

What is the second stage in Freud's theory of psychodynamic/ psychosexual development?

What ages did Freud ascribe this stage to?

The Anal Stage

1 to 3 years old

What behaviors might Freudian psychologist attribute to over or under stimulation in the anal stage?

Being overly concerned with tidyness, extreme strictness in manner and behavior, being extermely messy or lenient

According to psychodynamic/psychosexual theory, at what ages does a child desire the parent of the opposite gender sexually?

From ages 3-7

During the Phallic Stage

What stage of psychosexual, psychodynamic development did Freud think most people's problems came from?

The Phallic Stage

In psychodynamic/psychosexual theory, at what stage does a child become aware of the possibility of masturbation?

What ages did Freud ascribe this stage to?

The Phallic Stage

From 3 to 7 years old

What was Freud's name for the idea that a young boy sexually desires his mother and imitates his father in order to take his father's role?

Oedipus or Oedipal Complex/Conflict

What was Freud's name for the idea that a young girl sexually desires her father and imitates her mother in order to take her mother's place?

Electra Complex

What problems would a Freudian psychologist attribute to over or under-stimulation in the phallic stage?

Problems in relationships, problems with authority figures

Freud also thought any divergence from mainstream sexuality stemmed from this stage

At what stage did Freud think children's sexual urges were suppressed in favor of interest in sport and intellectual development?

What ages did Freud ascribe this stage to?

Latency

5-13 years old

think kindergarten to middle school

(yes, it overlaps with the phallic stage)

What are some of the problems with Freud's theories?

He did not have a radom sample of the population from which to draw his conclusions.

His theories can not be tested and have no predictive value.

What is the 5th and final stage in Freud's theory of psychosexual/psychodynamic development called?

The Genital Stage

At what ages did Freud believe the Genital Stage of development occurred?

From 13 to death

According to psychodynamic/psychosexual theory, at what stage do fixations, created by over or under-stimulation at other stages, become manifest?

Fixations become manifest at the Genital Stage, according to Freud's theories

How did Freud think fixations, developed by over or under-stimulation during the oral, anal and phallic stages, could be resolved?

Freud believed fixations could be resolved through responsible mature love making.

Proper time. Proper place. Proper object.

Who was the Swiss psychologist and philosopher who became famous in the 1960s for his theory of Cognitive Development?

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Jean Piaget

What do we call the mental framework that is created as children interact with their social and physical environments?

The framework is called a schemata (plural)

Schema (singular) refers to the ideas around one particular subject or event

Did Jean Piaget believe that who one becomes is determine by nature, nurture or both?

Piaget believed nature and nuture shape us.

What is the first stage of cognitive development according to Piaget?

When does it occur?

Sensorimotor Stage.

According to Piaget, this stage occured from birth  to age two. 

In Piaget's theory of Cognitive Development, how does mental development occur during the

the sensorimotor stage?

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Development in the SENSORiMOTOR stage of Cognitive Development occurs through sensory expereince and motor actions

At what age did Piaget believe object permanence, or the awareness that something is there even when we cannot see it, occurred?

Around 2 years old, or at end of the sensorimotor stage.

We know now that this awareness occurs much earlier.

What are the four stages of cognitive development according to Piaget?

1. Sensorimotor Stage

2. Preoperational Stage

3.Concrete Operational Stage

4. Formal Operational Stage

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, when does the preoperational stage occur?

From ages 2-7

According to Piaget, what are developmental distinctions of the Preoperational Stage?

What ages does this stage occur at?

1. The use of symbols, such a lanaguage. 

e.g. a child in this stage may pick up a shoe and  pretend it is a phone

2. Egocentric - unable to see things from another person's perspective.

(We now know that the ability to imagine the world from another perspective and respond to it from that perspecitve occurs earlier than Piaget thought.)

From ages 2-7

At what stage of cognitive development will children realize that the same amount of water is in both beaker A and C?

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Concrete Operational Stage

The concrete operational stage begins at ~7 years of age and lasts until ~11 years of age

 What is the final stage called in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

Formal Operational Stage

The ability to interpert art and literature

The ability to think logically about hypothetical and concrete problems, as well as thoughts and feelings

Whose theory argued that development in childhood and adolescence is like the opening of a flower and primarily biological or genetic in origin?

What was his theory called?

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Arnold Gesell

Maturational Theory

Who believed that unless a child's development is distorted by extreme conditions such as famine and war, he or she needs no social input to become a normal functioning adult?

He used this girl, Genie, a victim of severe child abuse, tied to her potty chair and bed for most of the first 13 years of her life, as an demonstration of the exception to his rule

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Arnold Gesell

Does Gesell's Maturational Theory favor nature, nurture or both.

Nature 

specifically, genetics

Whose theory argued that all behaviors are learned, from skills to phobias?

John Watson

Who stated that if they were given a room of children they could make each one into anything they wanted?

John Watson

Father of Behaviorism

What is it called when very young children play beside each other without engaging each other?

At what age does this usually occur?

Parallel Play

2 years old

What is it called when children become able to borrow and lend toys and converse about common activities?

At what age does this stage generally occur?

Associative Play

4 years old

What do we call the appearances and behaviors historically and conventionally associated with being male or female?

Gender Roles

What parenting style is generally thought to result in unfriendly, distrustful and withdrawn children?

Authoritarian

What parenting style favors punitive, firm, unsympathetic and detached responses to children?

Authoritarian

When a parent is lax in discipline and allows their child complete freedom, what is their parenting style called?

Permissive

What parenting style is generally thought to produce immature, aggressive, dependent, social children? 

Permissive

When a parent is firm but understanding, increases a child's responsibilities as the child ages and sets limits, what parenting style are they practicing?

Authoritative

What parenting style is believed to produce friendly, cooperative, self-reliant and socially responsible children?

Authoratative

Did Eric Erikson believe that psychological development was influenced by nature or nurture or both?

Erikson believed that both nature and nuture play a role psychological development

Who developed the psychosocial theory of development?

Eric Erikson

According to Erikson's psychosocial theory of development, when is the critical time for the formation of identity and self esteem?

Adolescence

What developmental theory recognizes that there are unique developmental stages within adulthood and into old age?

The Psychosocial Theory of Development

According to Erikson, at what stage of development does a person either come to see him or her self as a unique and integrated person with an ideology, or become confused about what they want out of life? 

What ages does Erikson ascribe to this stage?

Adolescence

12-20 years old

The Central Nervous System (CNS)

What part of the nervous system includes the nerves and ganglia outside of the brain and spinal cord?

Peripherial Nervous System (PNS)

What part of the nervous system connects the limbs and organs to the Central Nervous System?

1. Somatic Nervous System

2. Automatic Nervous System

Somatic Nervous System

soma means body, soma is also the brand name of a muscle relaxant, 

Autonomic Nervous System

Which part of the nervous system is responsible for walking and opening a door?

Somatic Nervous System

What are the two subsystems of the 

Autonomic Nervous System?

The Sympathetic Nervous Sympathetic

&

Parasympathetic Nervous Sympathetic

Rousseau & Gesell

Clue: you can remember Gesell because his last name has the sound "cell" in it, and he believed we are a product of our evolutionary biology, Rousseau goes with him, because he also has double letters in his last name "ss".

Watson and Locke

Clue: You can remember John Watson, the behaviorist, by the character Dr. John Watson in the Sherlock Holmes stories and movies, where Holmes and Watson solve crimes by observing the behaviors of those around them. They are looking to the social origins of those behaviors, the life expereinces and habits that created them, not their genetic origins.

If you remember John Watson, you can remember John Locke because his first name was also John.  JOHN & JOHN believe in nurture. 

Freud and Piaget

Both Freud and Piaget set forth stages of development, observing that certain changes happen consistently no matter the environment, suggesting nature, or a biological origin, yet both acknoweledged the role of our surroundings on our development. Piaget's pre-operational stage noted that langauge is learned and Freud thought we could resolve our fixations through mature lovemaking, both developments depend on nuture or others in our enviroment. 

Dendrite -> Cell Body-> Axon -> Synapse -> Dendrite -> Cell Body -> Axon -> Synapse ->

and on and on and on

Dopamine

Think dope, heroin, which causes a rush of dopamine, and which can lead to a drug induced Parkinson's disease.

Hindbrain

Midbrain

Forebrain

Medulla  & Cerebellum

(the both have the double "L" so you can remember that they go together. The cerebellum means little brain in latin) and as you can see, it looks like a little brain be "hind" the rest of the brain. The medulla looks like an extension of the spinal cord.[image]

Rehearsed or memorized movements and fine motor coordination

When you think of the Cerebellum, think of Belle, from Disney's Beauty and the Beast, dancing and utilizing her cerebellum for the rehearsed movements. 

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The medulla controls blood pressure, heart rate and breathing. 

Clue: Medul-la has the sound medal in it. Picture yourself wearing olympic medals over your heart and lungs.

It acts as a kind of relay station for visual information. (Think of a third eye buried in the midbrain)

It controls some automatic movements.

It allows smooth initiation of movement. 

It is damage to this part of the brain that results in Parkinson's Disease and the movement problems associated with it. 

The hypothalamus controls the 4 Fs

Fighting

Feeding

Fleeing

&

Mating

it connects to the autonomic nervous system

When a child, given two identical glasses with the same amount of a liquid, is able to determine that when the liquid from one glass is poured into a thinner glass, the amount is still the same as that in the original glass, they have demonstrated an understanding of what principle?

WHAT STAGE HAVE THEY REACHED?

The priniciple is Conservation

The stage is Piaget's Concrete Operational Stage

CONservation happens in the CONcrete operational stage