Term
| Name the 3 theories of emotion discussed in class? |
|
Definition
James-Lange Theory
Canon-Bard Theory
Schachter's 2-Factor Theory |
|
|
Term
| What does the James-Lange theory of emotion state? |
|
Definition
| Emotions follow our body's response |
|
|
Term
| What does the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion state? |
|
Definition
| Physiological response and emotions occur at the same time |
|
|
Term
| According to Schachter's 2-Factor theory of emotion, what 2 things must happen in order for one to experience an emotion? |
|
Definition
1. Physiologically aroused
2. Cognitively label the arousal |
|
|
Term
| What theory of emotion claims that arousal can be experienced as one emotion or another very different one, depending on how we cognitively label it? |
|
Definition
Schachter's 2-Factor theory of emotion
????? |
|
|
Term
| What 2 parts of the brain are involved in emotional arousal? |
|
Definition
Sympathetic Nervous System
Amydala |
|
|
Term
| What is the skin conductance response (SCR)? |
|
Definition
| The increase in the skin's electrical conductivity when sweat activity increases |
|
|
Term
| Why are polygraphs inadmissible in court? |
|
Definition
| It can't differentiate between emotions |
|
|
Term
| According to a pioneer researcher of body language, what percent of the total impact of a message is from the actual words coming out of our mouths? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What emotion are we especially good at recognizing using nonverbal cues? Why? |
|
Definition
| Anger, because it is a threat to our survival |
|
|
Term
| Why are moms particularly good at recognizing using nonverbal cues? |
|
Definition
| During a babies early years, nonverbal cues are all they have |
|
|
Term
| What have we done to compensate for the absense of nonverbal cues in emails and text messages. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Although some gestures are culturally determined, there are 6 basic facial expressions that are common all over the world. What are they? |
|
Definition
Disgust
Fear
Anger
Surprise
Happy
Sad |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cultural rules about when and where emotions should be expressed |
|
|
Term
| What is the facial feedback effect? |
|
Definition
| Our facial expressions can feed back to the brain and help determine which emotion we experience. |
|
|
Term
| How can faking a smile actually make you happier? |
|
Definition
| Positive emotions are self-perpetuating so you will begin to perceive the world as safer, feel more confident, be more cooperative,be physically healthier, etc. |
|
|
Term
| Briefly explain the feel-good, do-good phenomenon. |
|
Definition
| Makes you more willing to help others, if we notice the need |
|
|
Term
| Does money = happiness? Briefly explain. |
|
Definition
| At a basic level, yes, but once our basic needs are met, increases in money do not mean increases in happiness |
|
|
Term
| How happy we are with our life situation at any given moment depends on 2 comparisons. what are they? |
|
Definition
With our past
With those around us |
|
|
Term
| Briefly explain the adaptation level phenomenon. |
|
Definition
| Our tendency to judge our current situation by comparing it to our past situation. |
|
|
Term
| What is relative deprivation? |
|
Definition
| Feeling of being worse off than those around us. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 phases of the body's general adaptation process (GAP) in response to stress? |
|
Definition
Alarm
Resistance
Exhaustion |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 kinds of stressors discussed in class? |
|
Definition
Catastrophies
Significant life events
Daily hassles |
|
|
Term
| What kind of stressors are the greatest threat to our physical health? Why? |
|
Definition
| Daily hassles, because they are always there |
|
|
Term
| Name 2 ways stress affects our health. |
|
Definition
Kills immune system
Coronary heart disease |
|
|
Term
| Stress kills the immune system. Name 2 results of this impact. |
|
Definition
More likely to get sick
Wounds heal slower
Promotes tumor growth |
|
|
Term
| What type of personality puts people at risk for coronary heart disease? Why? |
|
Definition
| Type A because they chose more stressful lifestyles |
|
|
Term
| Name 2 stress coping strategies discussed in class. |
|
Definition
Exercise
Meditation/prayer |
|
|
Term
| How was personality defined in class? |
|
Definition
| Individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and action |
|
|
Term
| According to Freud, where are the roots of our personality? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Freud first tried to tap into the unconscious mind using hypnosis, but later developed a technique called ________ _______, in which the patient relaxed, speaks freely and says whatever comes to mind. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does Freud compare our mind to an iceberg? |
|
Definition
| Our mind is mostly hidden |
|
|
Term
| What is in the unconscious mind? |
|
Definition
| Thoughts, wishes, feelings, memories, and urges of which we are unaware |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 structures of personality according to Freud? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Instinct driven pleasure principle
"Devil on our shoulder"
Born with id only |
|
|
Term
| Briefly describe superego |
|
Definition
Strives for perfection
"Angel on our shoulder"
Last to emerge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Seeks to gratify the id, while reducing guilt of superego, all within confines of reality. |
|
|
Term
| According to Freud, children pass through a series of stages during which the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct pleasure-sensitive areas of the body called _________ ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the id gets too much or too little stimulation during a particular psychosexual stage of development, we become ______on the erogenous zone, and it can have an effect on our personality forever. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the 5 psychosexual stages of development, in order. |
|
Definition
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genitals |
|
|
Term
| What is the erogenous zone during the oral stage of personality development? What happens if the id gets too little stimulation during this stage? |
|
Definition
Mouth
Too little stimulation= scarcastic, smoker, over-eating, nail biter |
|
|
Term
| What is the erogenous zone during the anal stage of personality development? What happens if the id gets too little stimulation during this stage? |
|
Definition
Anus
Too little stimulation= Anal retentive, perfectionist, OCD, stingy |
|
|
Term
| What is the erogenous zone during the phallic stage of personality development? |
|
Definition
| Genital (self-stimulation) |
|
|
Term
| Briefly describe the Oedipus Complex. |
|
Definition
| Young boy's intense desire to replace his dad and have mom play with penis |
|
|
Term
| What does a young boy experiencing the Oedipus Complex fear most of all? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How, according to Freud, do children come to acquire their gender identity? |
|
Definition
| Buddy up with parent of same gender |
|
|
Term
| What is the erogenous zone during the latency stage of personality development? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are defense mechanisms? |
|
Definition
| Unconscious efforts to cope with anxiety felt when conflicts between id and superego get to be to much for ego |
|
|
Term
| Briefly describe the defense mechanism known as regression? |
|
Definition
| Mentally retreat to an earlier, more infantile state |
|
|
Term
| Briefly describe the defense mechanism known as reaction formation. |
|
Definition
| Make an unacceptable urge look like the opposite |
|
|
Term
| Briefly describe the defense mechanism known as projection. |
|
Definition
| Disguise threatening impulses by attributing them to others |
|
|
Term
| Briefly describe the defense mechanism known as displacement. |
|
Definition
| Divert unacceptable urges to a more acceptable recipient |
|
|
Term
| How do projective personality tests examine personality. |
|
Definition
| Present client with ambiguous stimulus and ask them to describe it or tell a story about it |
|
|
Term
| How do Rorschach tests examine personality? |
|
Definition
Ink boots
Show them and ask what you see |
|
|
Term
| How do Thematic Apperception tests examine personality? |
|
Definition
Pictures
Show them and ask you to tell a story about it |
|
|
Term
| A lot of Freud's theories are, by today's standards, kind of crazy. But he did have a large impact of psychology today. Name 2 ways he did so. |
|
Definition
Unconscious Mind
Defense Mechanisms
Importance of human sexuality |
|
|
Term
| What is the core belief of humanism? |
|
Definition
| People are basically good and capable of reaching their full potential |
|
|
Term
| According to Rogers, why don't many of us reach our full potential? |
|
Definition
| We live in a world that stifles our growth |
|
|
Term
| The humanists believed that our personalities are determined by our _______ ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Humanistic personality tests examine differences between our ideal selves and our perceived selves. Briefly explain. |
|
Definition
| Ideal self = Who you think you should be Perceived self = Who you think you actually are If there is a huge difference between the two, you most likely have issues. |
|
|
Term
| According to the prevailing theory of personality traits, what 5 traits best describe one's personality? |
|
Definition
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extra-version
Agreeableness
Neurotic-ism |
|
|
Term
| What is the most widely used personality inventory? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kinds of questions are on the MMPI-2? |
|
Definition
| True/False questions about your personality |
|
|
Term
| What is a "locus of control"? |
|
Definition
| Where you think the control of your life is |
|
|
Term
| What does someone with an internal locus of control believe? |
|
Definition
"I control my life"
"I can fix this" |
|
|
Term
| What does someone with an external locus of control believe |
|
Definition
"Nothing I do matters."
"Chance/Luck control my life." |
|
|
Term
| Psychological disorders consist of behaviors that are...(list the 4 things listed in class that complete this sentence) |
|
Definition
Deviant
Distressing/Disturbing
Dysfunctional
Unjustifiable |
|
|
Term
| What is the current authoritative manual for classifying and diagnosing psychological disorders? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Michael has persistent anxiety for unspecific reasons. He is continually tense and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal. Diagnosis? |
|
Definition
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder |
|
|
Term
| Michelle has persistent anxiety that at times escalates into an episode of intense dread, terror and often chest pain. Diagnosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is agoraphobia?
How can someone with panic disorder develop it? |
|
Definition
Fear of a public place.
Can be developed through classical conditioning
Public Place + Panic Attack = Fear
Public Place = Fear |
|
|
Term
| Shannon has an irrational fear of a specific object, activity or situation. It is so severe that it i impedes her ability to function normally because she will go to almost any length to avoid it. Diagnosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Jaclyn has anxious thoughts hat will not go away and urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors. Diagnosis? |
|
Definition
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) |
|
|
Term
| In patients with OCD, what are 3 common obsessions? |
|
Definition
Contamination
Something terrible happening
Order |
|
|
Term
| In patients with OCD, what are the 3 most common compulsions? |
|
Definition
Cleaning
Repeating Rituals
Checking |
|
|
Term
| Andrew experienced a traumatic even when he was younger, and now has haunting memories, nightmares, insomnia, and is often socially withdrawn. Diagnosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Not everyone who experiences a traumatic even will develop PTSD. What is often the determining factor? |
|
Definition
| Amount of perceived control in a situation |
|
|
Term
| Liam is very nervous about an upcoming drumline competition. He consciously tells himself he's confident, but subconsciously he is terrified of failure. The day of the competition, he wakes up paralyzed in the arms. The doctors can find no physical reason for the paralysis. Diagnosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Leandra can sense that her ex-husband is emotionally distancing himself from her, and moving on with his life. She dives into her work as a nurse, but starts feeling like he has a lot of the same symptoms that her patients have. She starts thinking she has multiple diseases. Her ex-husband starts coming around more often , to help her take care of the kids. The doctors can find no physical cause for her ailments, however. Diagnosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Amira has extreme memory loss- she has forgotten who she is and does not recognize any of her family members. Her doctors believe it is caused by a severe psychological trauma she suffered recently. Diagnosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Kristy has extreme memory loss- she has forgotten who she is and she has wandered away from home and does not know where she is from. Diagnosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dawn has come to therapy because she keeps having blackouts- she loses chunks of time. One minute she'll be at work, facing stress, and the next minute she's in a bar she doesn't recognize, wearing clothes she doesn't recognize, and people are calling her "Gilly". Diagnosis |
|
Definition
| Dissociative Identity Disorder |
|
|
Term
| In patients with Dissociative Identity Disorder, when do the personalities usually shift? What type of childhood is associated with this disorder? |
|
Definition
Under stress;
Severe childhood abuse |
|
|
Term
| ________ disorders are psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that show up early in life and impair social functioning. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Shayne has no conscience. He can even hurt family members and truly not care. In fact, he gets a thrill out of hurting people, especially conning them. He is aggressive and ruthless. |
|
Definition
| Antisocial Personality Disorder |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of personality disorders present young. Name 3 early warning signs of antisocial personality disorder. |
|
Definition
Torturing animals
Stealing
Lack of impulse control |
|
|
Term
| Without apparent reason, John has descended for the past few weeks into a state of deep unhappiness. He is also lethargic, and has feelings of worthlessness and hopelessness. He has no appetite and no interest in family, friends, or activities he used to enjoy. |
|
Definition
| Major Depressive Disorder |
|
|
Term
| Alexis is in a good mood one minute and sad the next. Diagnosis? |
|
Definition
| None...maybe she is just moody |
|
|
Term
| Jeff goes through weeks of depression that alternate with weeks of hyperactive euphoria. Diagnosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the mania experienced by individuals with bipolar disorder. |
|
Definition
Extreme happiness
Hyperactive
Impulsive |
|
|
Term
| Schizophrenia, when broken down into its Latin root words, means, "split mind". What does this mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name 3 common symptoms of schizophrenia. |
|
Definition
Disorganized thoughts
Delusions
Hallucinations
Inappropriate emotions |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between hallucinations and delusions? |
|
Definition
Hallucinations: False perceptions
Delusions: False beliefs of persecution or grandeur |
|
|
Term
| The words coming out of Rachel's mouth often come together in a very confusing, nonsensical way. She might say something like, "I was in Stewart for most of the day, but the cracks of the floor here are birds in the sky." She never expresses emotions, even when something really happy or really sad happens. She'll also occasionally have random hallucinations, such as seeing a Disney princesses walking down the hall of her dorm. Diagnosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 brain abnormalities have been discovered in people with schizophrenia? (Be specific: Don't just say "abnormal brain activity") |
|
Definition
1. Dopamine over-activity
2. Abnormal activity: low in frontal lobe
high in thalamus and amygdala |
|
|
Term
| Half of all therapists describe themselves as taking an eclectic approach. What does this mean? |
|
Definition
| Use techniques from various forms of therapy depending of client's needs |
|
|
Term
| What is the goal of psychoanalysis? |
|
Definition
| Bring repressed issues into conscious awareness and work through them |
|
|
Term
| Describe the technique of free association. |
|
Definition
| Patient relaxes and says whatever comes to mind |
|
|
Term
| What is the goal of humanistic therapies? |
|
Definition
| Promote growth by boosting self-awareness and self-esteem |
|
|
Term
| What does a therapist do in client-centered therapy (4 things)? |
|
Definition
Genuineness
Acceptance
Empathy
Active Listening |
|
|
Term
| Rogers trained therapists to display unconditional positive regard. What does that mean? |
|
Definition
| An attitude of total acceptance, no matter what |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 repeated steps of active listening? |
|
Definition
1. Paraphrase
2. Invite clarification
3. Reflect feelings |
|
|
Term
| What is the goal of behavior therapies? |
|
Definition
| Apply learning principles to eliminate problem behaviors |
|
|
Term
| ________ is a behavior therapy technique in which the therapist works to condition new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors. In other words, he/she pairs the CS with a new US to get a new CR. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How did Mary Cover Jones desensitize Peter to what he feared? |
|
Definition
| Exposing Peter to rabbits gradually while he was in a relaxed state surrounded with junk food and good memeories |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 steps in desensitization therapy? |
|
Definition
1. Establish fear hierarchy
2. Teach progressive relaxation
3. Work through hierarchy while maintaining relaxation |
|
|
Term
| What is done in operant conditioning therapies? |
|
Definition
| Reinforce desired behavior and stop reinforcing or punishing undesired behavior |
|
|
Term
| A ________ ________ is a behavior therapy technique used in many institutional settings in which secondary reinforcers are used to reinforce desired behaviors. These secondary reinforcers can later be exchanged for primary reinforcers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kinds of things can be used as tokens in token economies? |
|
Definition
Stickers
Tokens
Poker Chips
Hole Punches |
|
|
Term
| Name 2 benefits of token economies. |
|
Definition
Cheap
No satiation
Personalized
No disruption of good behaviors |
|
|
Term
| What is the goal of cognitive therapies? |
|
Definition
| To change destructive thinking into constructive thinking |
|
|
Term
| What does cognitive-behavioral therapy involve? |
|
Definition
| Combination of reversal of self-defeating thoughts with efforts to modify behavior |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 (of the 3 discussed in class) benefits of group therapy? |
|
Definition
1. Feedback and suggestions
2. Social support and contectedness
3. Discover you aren't the only one with the problem |
|
|
Term
| What is the goal of family therapy? |
|
Definition
| Heal relationships and improve communication |
|
|
Term
| What is the goal of EMDR? |
|
Definition
| Help clients unlock and reprocess repressed memories using saccadic eye movement |
|
|
Term
| What is EMDR used to treat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 2 possible explanations for the supposed effects of EMDR? |
|
Definition
1. Exposure therapy
2. Placebo Effect |
|
|
Term
| Light exposure therapy is used to treat _______ _______ disorder. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Light exposure therapy is used to treat a disorder that is otherwise known as wintertime depression. It works because sunlight causes the secretion of the hormone _______, which promotes the release of the neurotransmitter _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do anti-psychotic drugs work of the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do anti-anxiety drugs work on the brain? Give an example of one. |
|
Definition
Depress brain activity
Xanax |
|
|
Term
| How do anti-depressants work on the brain? Give an example of one. |
|
Definition
Increase availability of serotonin
Prozac |
|
|
Term
| What is ECT used to treat? Why does it work? |
|
Definition
Used to treat severe depression
Doctors aren't sure how it works |
|
|
Term
| What happens when a patient goes in for ECT? Name 2 steps to the procedure. |
|
Definition
1. Patient receives muscle relaxer and anesthesia
2. 30-60 seconds of electrical current passed through the brain |
|
|
Term
| A gentler, new alternative to ET is call repetitive trans-cranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). What is done during this procedure? Why is it more appealing than ECT? |
|
Definition
| Magnetic pulses are sent through brain |
|
|
Term
| What is the definition of social psychology given in class? |
|
Definition
| Scientific study of how we think about, influence and relate to one another. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Personal theories about why people do what they do |
|
|
Term
| Attributions can be ______ (when we blame the person's personality for his/her actions) or _______ (when we blame what's going on in their lives) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Attributions can be wrong. For example, we can overestimate the influence of the personality and underestimate the influence of the situation. We only see them in one situation, but we assume their behavior in that situation is a reflection of "who they are". When we do this, we commit the ________ _________ __________. |
|
Definition
| Fundamental Attribution Error |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mental blueprints for social situations. |
|
|
Term
| How do schemas benefit us? |
|
Definition
| Help us to know how to act |
|
|
Term
| What are self-fulfilling prophecies? |
|
Definition
| Predictions or expectations that we make come true with our actions |
|
|
Term
| Under what 2 conditions are attitudes most likely to influence our behaviors? |
|
Definition
1. Outside influences are minimal
2. Attitude is strong (Part of self-definition) |
|
|
Term
| When our attitudes and our behaviors do not match, we experience discomfort known as _______ _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who originated the concept of cognitive dissonance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Briefly describe Festinger's study of cognitive dissonance. |
|
Definition
Called the $1 vs. $20 Study.
Had people lie about the study being interesting for money.
$20 winners= Blamed situation
$1 winners= changed their attitude to match the lie |
|
|
Term
| When we act in ways that are inconsistent with our attitudes, and we experience the discomfort, we have 2 ways to alleviate that discomfort. What are they? |
|
Definition
1. Blame the situation
2. Change our attitude to match the lie |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Change behavior to go along with unspoken request. |
|
|
Term
| Why isn't conformity necessarily a bad thing? |
|
Definition
| We conform to norms which allows us to fit in and allows society to function |
|
|
Term
| Who conducted the famous study on conformity in which participants had to judge the similarities among lines, and either give the correct answer or the wrong answer that everyone else in the room was giving. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When we change our behavior to along with a spoken request |
|
|
Term
| _______ spent years studying compliance by going under cover and training to become a ________ __________ (someone whose job it is to get people to go along with requests) |
|
Definition
Cialdini
Compliance Professional |
|
|
Term
| Give 2 example of compliance professionals. |
|
Definition
Salesmen
Lobbyists
Fundraisers |
|
|
Term
| Give 2 techniques for inducing compliance discovered by Cialdini. |
|
Definition
Ingratiation
Foot-in-the-door
Reciprocity
Scarcity
Social Validation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Getting people to like you |
|
|
Term
| Briefly describe the Foot-in-the-door compliance technique. |
|
Definition
| Get others to go along with large requests by first getting them to go along with smaller related requests |
|
|
Term
| _______ is the norm of returning favors. We can actually get people to do things for us if we do things for them first. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One technique for inducing compliance is called _______ _______. Since we often look to others to know what is the right thing to do, we can get people to go along with a request or plea if we can get them to believe that others like them are doing it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When we change our behavior to go along with a direct order. |
|
|
Term
| Who conducted the famous and shocking study on obedience? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ __________ is when the presence of others, such as an audience, improves performance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ _______ is the tendency to slack off when working in a group. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does social loafing occur? |
|
Definition
| Feel less accountable and feel as though no one is looking at me. |
|
|
Term
| _______ is the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint when is a large group. We get caught up in the energy of the crowd and feel anonymous, we we can get a little wild. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ is our tendency to be less likely to help when others are present. We assume others will do it. |
|
Definition
|
|
