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| An internal state or condition that activate and gives direction to our thoughts, feelings, and actions |
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| Motives related to the individual's happiness and well-being |
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| new and changed experiences |
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| the apparent need for a comfortable level of stimulation |
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A law stating that effective performance is more likely if the level of arousal is suitable for the activity
Simple task: 3/4 arousal
Complex task: 1/4 arousal |
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| Affiliation motivation (how it developed) |
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Definition
the need to be with other people and have personal relationships
Developed: evolution: hunting alone
learned: mothers are positive stimuli |
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| the need for success (mastery, performance-approach, performance avoidance) |
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| motivated to learn new information |
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| Performance approach goals |
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| work hard to get better grades than other students to gain their respect |
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| Performance-avoidance goals |
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| motivated to work hard so they don't get bad grades and look unintelligent |
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| inherent nature of activity pleases them. consequences: adding extrinsic will detract from their inherent desire |
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motivated by external reward
consequences:
?/??? |
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demand perfection and reject anything less.
2 Views:
Perfection is maldaptive(bad) and associated with depression
Perfectionism is adaptive |
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Adaptive:
Positive P: realistic
Negative P: non realistic |
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| Cannon-Bard, James-Lange, Cognitive |
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Definition
arousal and emotion happen at the same time but are independent of each other
house is on fire = afraid AND your heart is racing |
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body's reaction is interpreted as an emotion
house on fire = heart is racing SO you're afraid |
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interpret stimuli in your environment and interpret physiological reaction to stimuli
house on fire = heart is racing which is a known feeling SO you're scared |
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| Primary (biological motives) |
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Definition
| things that are necessary for survival |
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| people feel anonymous in a large group |
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| feeling anonymous in a large group |
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| bystanders don't respond cause they think others will |
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| individuals do better when surrounded by a group |
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| not working hard when grade is based on group performance |
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| faulty decision making processes that occur in groups (polarization) |
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| views pushed to an extreme in groups |
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| confederates and lines (America more focused on individual welfare) |
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| size, unanimous groups, culture and conformity |
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| culturally determined guidelines that tell people what behavior is expected of them |
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| Doing what one is told by people in authority |
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discrepancy between attitudes and behavior
-attitudes change to match behavior
-boring task: paid more attitudes changed |
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| harmful attitude based on inaccurate generalizations about a group of people |
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an inaccurate generalization on which prejudice is based
harmful because : take away individuality, act how is expected, faulty attributions |
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| realistic conflict, us vs them, social learning |
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| people think of the world as groups |
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| recognize, control automatic responses, increase contact with others of prejudiced groups |
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what personality is LIKE
-Allport's
-Big 5 |
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Definition
common, general traits (bulk traits)
secondary, specific traits (circumstance) |
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| why we behave the way we do |
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| PT- Division 1 of the mind |
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Definition
| PT -conscious, preconscious (temporarily not C), unconscious (repressed) |
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| PT - Division 2 parts of the mind |
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Id - instinct (pleasure principle) Ego- realistic principle
Superego - morals that affect behavior (conscience) |
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| the ego finding safe and realistic ways to meet needs of ID |
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| the standard perfect conduct of superego |
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| Social Learning theory of Personality |
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| why we behave the way we do ( people born neutral and personality is learned) |
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| HT - behavior and environment influence each other |
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| thought determines behavior - capable of reaching goals (high = accept more challenges/reach more goals) |
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| HP - reward ourselves when we do well |
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| humanistic theory of personality |
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| theory that humans posses an innate tendency to improve |
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| leads people to grow and improve |
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| unique perception of reality thay plays a key role in organizing personalities |
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| Rare - using potentiomal to fullest |
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| neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness |
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High - nervous worried
Low - calm |
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High - sociable
Low - reserved |
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High - adventurous
Low - unadventurous |
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High - selfless
Low - selfish |
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High - reliable
low - undependable |
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| frustration, pressure, conflict |
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| Good life events are stressful because |
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Definition
| they require adjustment and coping |
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Definition
Lowers due to
1. Prior experience
2. development
3. predictability
4. control
5. social support |
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| Effective coping strategies |
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Definition
| remove source of stress, cognitive coping (reappraisal, managing reaction) |
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Definition
| withdrawal, aggression, self medication, defense mechanisms |
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Term
| Generalized Adaption Syndrome |
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Definition
| Alarm stage, resistance stage, exhaustion stage |
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