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Intro to Psych
First chapter for intro to psych 101 prof Shoemaker
33
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
09/18/2012

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term



What is Psychology?

Definition





The Scientifc study of behavior and mental processes

Term

Rene Descartes

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 March 31 1596 – February 11 1650

Definition




Dualism, or the idea that the mind and body are separate entities that interact

Term

Plato

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424/423 BC – 348/347 BC

Definition




Nativism, or the idea that certain kinds of knowledge are inborn or innate

Term

Aristotle 

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384 BC – 322 BC 

Definition




Philosophical empiricism, or the idea that all knowledge is acquired through experience

Term

Physiology


Definition

The branch of biology that studies the functions and parts of living organisms

§In the 1600s, physiologists begin to study the workings of the brain and its relation to behavior.
§By the 1700s, physiologists find that specific bodily functions can be traced to specific brain areas.
§Some early ideas, such as phrenology, did not stand the test of time.
Term

Wilhelm Wundt

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(1832-1920) 

Definition
§Uses scientific methods to study psychological processes
§Writes first psychology textbook (1874)
§Establishes first psychology research laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany (1879)
Term

Edward Titchener

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(1867-1927)





Definition

Structuralism

Edward Titchener, a student of Wundt, held that complex conscious experiences could be broken down into elemental parts or structures.

Term

William James

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(1842-1910)



 

Definition

As a professor and philosopher, William James was influential in establishing psychology in the United States.

Term

Charles Darwin

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(1809-1882)

Definition

Although Darwin was a naturalist, his 1859 book On the Origin of Species influenced psychologists to investigate how behavior allows animals to adapt to their environments.

Term

        Sigmund Freud

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      1856-1939

Definition

 

 

 

 Developer of Psychoanalytic theory, and personality theory

Term

 

 

 

 

Psychoanalysis

Definition

 

§The Unconscious is the part of the mind that operates outside of conscious awareness
§Unconscious conflicts determine behavior and personality
Term


Behaviorism

Definition

Psychology redefined as the scientific study of observable behavior

Term

Ivan Pavlov

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(1849-1936)

Definition



discovers conditioned reflexes.

Term

John Watson

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(1878-1958)   

Definition



Behavorilist Extends approach to human behavior.

Term

B. F. Skinner

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 (1904-1990) 

Definition



Further experiments on behavior, learning, and conditioning.

Term


Humanistic Psychology

Definition
§Positive potential of human beings is assumed
§Emphasis on self-determination, free will, and the importance of choice
§A reaction to negative implications of Freudian and emphasis on external influences of the behaviorist school
Term



Cognitive Psychology

Definition

The scientific study of how perception, thought, memory, and reasoning are processed

A return to an emphasis on mental processes and how they influence behavior

Term

 

 

nature vs. nurture

Definition

 the relative importance of an individual's innate qualities ("nature," i.e. nativism, or innatism) versus personal experiences

does biology make a person who they are or is it their enviroment

Term

 

 

 

Hindsight Bias

Definition







Hindsight bias, also known as the knew-it-all-along effect or creeping determinism 

Term

 

 

 

Theory

Definition
A theory, in the language of science, is a set of principles, built on observations and other verifiable facts, that explains some phenomenon and predicts its future behavior
Term

 

 

 

Hypotheses

Definition



A hypothesis is a testable prediction consistent with our theory.

Testable” means that the hypothesis is stated in a way that we could make observations to find out if it is true.

Term

 

 

  Operational definitions
Definition

A safe guard against only choosing data that supports a theory instead of looking at the data as a whole sample.

An operational definition, also called functional definition,[1][2] defines something (e.g. a variableterm, or object) in terms of the specific process or set ofvalidation tests used to determine its presence and quantity.

Term

 

 

Correlation

Definition


 a measure of how closely two factors vary together, or how well you can predict a change in one from observing a change in the other

Term

 

 

 

Experimentation

Definition



manipulating one factor in a situation to determine its effect

Term

 

 

independent variable 

Definition
The variable we are able to manipulate independently of what the other variables are doing is called the
Term


dependent variable

Definition
The variable we expect to experience a change which depends on the manipulation we’re doing is called the
Term

 


Mode

Definition

 the most common level/number/

  score

Term

 

 

Mean

Definition

(arithmetic “average”) 

the sum of the scores, divided by the number of scores
Term


Median

Definition

(middle person’s score, or 50th percentile)

the number/level that half of people scored above and half of them below
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