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| Study of VALUES, MORAL, POLITICAL |
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| Study of PRINCIPLES OF REASONING |
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| Unity of philosophical questions |
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| fields bleed into one another |
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| Heroically died for the "truth" |
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| The unexamined life is not worth living |
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transcends reasons
Metaphysical concept
can be good or bad |
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Epistemology concept
Only negative connotation |
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| epistemological position that seeks to justify beliefs by appeal to foundational beliefs/ presuppositions/assumptions that are claimed to be self-evidently true or BEYOND DOUBT |
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| attempt to think rationally and critically about the most important questions |
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any group of propositions of which one (conclusion) is claimed to follow from the others, which are regarded as providing support for the conclusion
ANY GROUP OF PROPOSITIONS ANY STATEMENT IN THE WORLD THAT CAN BE TRUE OR FALSE |
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| proposition of an argument that is affirmed on the basis of the other propositions |
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| propositions of an argument used to provide support for the conclusion |
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| limiting the options to only two when there are, in fact, more options. |
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| challenge of differentiating between Plato and Socrates’ views |
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| highest degree of reality |
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| highest degree of thinking |
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| Reasoning/ Understanding about Forms |
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| lowest degree of thinking |
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“no form without matter. No matter without form.” *Only exception: God/”Unmoved Mover” = pure Form
*Aristotle’s teleological vision of nature: the universe as purposeful and good, with every part serving the whole |
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| Analogy of Cave, Major Themes |
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| 2 Worlds: Appearance (World of Becoming) vs. Ultimate Reality (World of Being) |
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| The Problem of the One and the Many |
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| metaphysical belief that ultimate reality is, in some sense, one |
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| identify ultimate reality with sensible substances (e.g., Heraclitus=fire; Xenophanes= water +earth; Thales=water) |
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| ultimate reality identified with number; incorporeal structure |
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| ultimate reality composed of more than 1 substance (e.g., Empedocles=4 elements, love and strife; Democritus=infinite number of atoms) |
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| Significance of Pre-Socratics: |
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1) Formulation of Problem One and Many
2) First “rational”, versus merely mythological, cosmological theories
3) Lay groundwork for Plato and Aristotle
-Pre-Socratics introduce but fail to satisfactorily resolve the Problem of the One and the Many
-Pre-Socratic emphasis on form |
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| mind-independent, existing ‘out there’ |
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| only graspable via the intellect (not senses) |
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| models for everything does/could exist |
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| include absolutely and perfectly all the features of the things they model |
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| Plato’s answer to the Problem of the One and the Many |
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| everything in this world (World of Becoming) is ultimately related to the Forms (World of Being) |
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