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Intro to Law Enforcement Test 2
LETS DO DIS.
44
Criminology
Undergraduate 4
11/06/2012

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Cards

Term
What are a majority of police officers assigned to?
Definition
patrol
- patrol involves the most discretion
- least desirable assignment
seen as hazardous and/or boring
Term
patrolling is what part of a police officers career?
Definition
formative
Term
Types of patrol
Definition
automobile - bicycle - motorcycle - foot
Term
random/preventative patrol
Definition
no set pattern
patrol beats
based on citizens calls and reported crimes
extra patrol - kansas city preventative patrol experiment
Term
Robert Peel's functions of police patrol
Definition
deter crime
public safety
availability of services
Term
directed or aggressive patrol
Definition
a combination of community policing and problem-oriented policing that targets areas with a specific offense type and high crime areas.
- residual deterrent effects
- diffusion of benefits
- hot spots
Term
Activities on patrol
Definition
first responders
calls for service
self initiated activities
administrative activities
Term
processing calls for service
Definition
communication center operators
- obtain information from callers
- makes decision about appropriate response to the call/operators ask questions of callers and operators assess situations
- exercise tremendous discretion/operators decide how many and which officers to dispatch
Term
Operator-Citizens interactions
Definition
citizens need to provide operators as much accurate information as possible.
- interactions are lengthy, many questions asked
- some questions are seen as a threat to caller's untrustworthiness
- some questions are viewed as a threat to caller's personal character and judgement
- patrol officers responding to calls experience uncertainty
Term
Aspects of patrol work
Definition
response time
discovery time
reporting time
processing time
travel time
Term
reasons why citizens delay calling
Definition
need to verify crime occurred
regain composure
call a friend or family member first
decide whether to involve police
telephone not immediately available
Term

patrol efforts to combat driving behavior

(s.u.r.d.a.d)

Definition
enforcing traffic laws
- speeding
- use of seat belts
- red-light running
- distracted drivers
- aggressive driving and road rage
- driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs
Term
most common type of force used by suspects
Definition
striking out and hitting an officer - 44%
pushing or pulling the officers - 27%
grabbing or holding the officer - 20%
Term
officers were most likely to be injured when
Definition
more than one officer was involved
the suspect used bodily force as opposed to a weapon
the suspect was under arrest or was fighting with the officers
the suspect was sober
Term

factors affecting the delivery of patrol services

(p.a.n.d.o.w)

Definition
police-population ratio
assignment to patrol
number of sworn officers
distribution of patrol officers
one versus two officers cars
work styles of officers
Term
most police-citizen interactions are?
Definition
with patrol officers
Term
studying patrol is difficult and expensive due to
Definition
decentralized nature of the job
Term
staffing patrol beats
Definition
on any given night, no officer is available for many patrol beats
Term
standards for systematic social observation
Definition
designed to provide accurate, representative picture
trained observers follow the officer everywhere the officer goes
take field notes and officer can then read
Term

Kansas City Patrol Experiment

- research questions

Definition
several hypotheses were developed
1 - would citizens notice changes in the level of police patrol
2 - would different levels of police patrol affect the level of crime, as measure by UCR data or victimization data?
3 - would different levels of patrol affect citizens fear of crime and if so would there be any changes in behavior or lifestyle?
4 - would different levels of patrol affect citizen satisfaction with a police?
Term

Kansas City Patrol Experiment

- design of the study

Definition
control group 5: beats with no change to police behavior
reactive group 5: beats with all preventative patrolling eliminated
proactive group 5: beats with 2-3 times the level of normal patrol
Term

Kansas City Police Experiment

- results

Definition
changes in level of patrol had no significant effect on crime.
changes in level of patrol had no significant effect on feelings of safety.
no significant changes in citizens' behavior due to perceptive changes in policing behavior.
changes in the level of patrol had no impact on citizens' attitudes toward police
Term

Kansas City Police Experiment

- why did changes in patrol have no impact on crime and perceptions?

Definition
patrol is spread so thin.
patrolling may not deter crime - indoors and impulsive acts.
"phantom effect" or residual deterrence
did not look at what officers actually did - only level of patrol
Term
The Newark Foot Patrol Experiment
Definition
initiated due to the findings from the kansas city experiment - patrolling in cars.
the effects of varying levels of foot patrol on crime, arrest rates, and community attitudes.
similar design as the kansas city experiment: beats with additional foot patrol, beats less foot patrol, control beats
Term

The Newark Foot Patrol Experiment

- results

Definition
additional foot patrol did not reduce serious crime.
citizens were aware of the different levels of foot patrol.
citizens in the areas with additional foot patrol noticed a decrease in the severity crime problems.
positive attitudes from citizens and foot patrol officers.
Term
Minneapolis Hot Spot Experiment
Definition
focus preventative patrol in the "hot spots" of crime (questioned the kansas city experiment findings)
focused on areas where crime is most concentrated:
- more calls for service and very high crime rate
- 5% of addresses - 64% of calls
- 60% of addresses - never call
more patrol led to fewer crime calls and less observations of disorder in places with much more patrol
Term
Police Role Models
Definition
crime prophylactic model
police knowledge model
social work model
community cooperation model
Term
reasons for calling the police
Definition
maintain social boundary
relieve unpleasant situation
counterpunching
obtain an emergency service
Term
Traffic Enforcement
Definition
most common type of order maintenance
dangerous for police officers
drunk driving crackdowns
Term
drunk driving crackdowns
Definition
risk of being arrested for drunk driving is low
probability of stopping drunk driving is limited
arrest time is consuming
Term
policing domestic disputes
Definition
domestic disturbances involve "two or more people engaged in an intimate relationship" (married or divorced couples, live-in-lovers, people on a first date, adults and children, or adults and elderly parents)
Term

policing domestic disputes

- prevalence and trend

Definition
33% of those cases involve violence
13% of all wives have experiences domestic violence
- 1/3 have experienced severe violence
from 1993-2007, intimate partner violence decreased substantially
Term

policing domestic disputes

- calling the police

Definition
many domestic violence victims do not call the police.
non-white, low-income people call more frequently.
middle-class women seek assistance from private sectors.
middle-class women more likely economically dependent on spouse.
Term

police response to domestic violence

- police responses

(s.m.a.r.n)

Definition
separating the parties
mediation
arrest
referral to social service agencies
no action at all
Term

police response to domestic violence

- factors influencing arrest decision

(l.a.d.d.m.v.p)

Definition
low value places on domestic violence arrests.
arrest requires work.
domestic violence arrests are dismissed.
disrespect to police.
mandatory arrest policies.
- arrest for felonious assault
victims request no arrest.
private matter.
Term
police response to domestic violence
Definition
Term

Police response to domestic violence

- viewpoints in the debate

Definition
traditionally, police did as little as possible.
police should mediate or arbitrate disputes.
should be subjected to arrest.
Term
the minneapolis experiment
Definition
the first scientifically controlled test of the effects of arrest.
addressed how police should respond to misdemeanor cases of domestic violence.
arrest, give advice, sent away from the house for eight hours.
Term
the minneapolis experiment results
Definition
characteristics of the participants:
unmarried couples.
lower than average education couples.
minority and mixed couples.
prior incidents involving police intervention.
- these results find that arrest produced lower rates of repeat violence against women.
Term
replication of the minneapolis experiment
Definition
colorado springs, atlanta, milwaukee, and omaha
- arrest had no deterrent effect
milwaukee, omaha, colorado springs - arrest escalated violence for unemployed individuals
arrest laws and policies varies today - mandatory, preferred, officers discretion.
Term
policing and prostitution
Definition
victimless crime
250,000 full time prostitutes serving 1.5 million customers per week.
streetwalkers, bar girls, skeezers, brothel prostitutes, call girls.
goals of arrest - confine and deter.
legal problems for police - entrapment, equal protection, selective enforcement.
Term
policing and the homeless
Definition
aprox 400,000 individuals.
new homeless includes more families with more women and children.
strategies today are not very different from strategies in the past.
- reactive strategies
- involves containment
proactive strategies? referrals and donations
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