Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites |
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Term
| Innate immune response: first two lines of defense |
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Definition
| 1) Structural, blocking entry with skin (2 sq m), mucous membrane (400 sq m). 2) Internal defenses, phagocytes (neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages), complement system |
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Term
| Adaptive immune response: third line of defense |
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Definition
| Specific response: B cells (antibodies) and T cells (cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells) |
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Term
| Innate defenses: anatomical (3) |
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Definition
| Mechanical, chemical, biological |
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Term
| Innate defenses: humoral (3) |
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Definition
| Complement, coagulation system, cytokines |
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Term
| Innate defenses: cellular(4) |
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Definition
| Neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, natural killer cells, eosinophils |
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Term
| Mechanism of mechanical anatomic barrier: squamous epithelium (skin) |
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Definition
| Physical barrier, desquamation (shedding) |
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Term
| Mechanism of mechanical anatomic barrier: non-ciliated epithelium (GI) |
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Definition
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Term
| Mechanism of mechanical anatomic barrier: ciliated epithelium (respiratory) |
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Definition
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Term
| Mechanism of mechanical anatomic barrier: Epithelium (nasopharynx) |
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Definition
| Flushing of tears, mucus, saliva, urine |
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Term
| Mechanism of chemical anatomic barrier: sweat (skin) |
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Definition
| Contains anti-microbial fatty acids |
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Term
| Mechanism of chemical anatomic barrier: parietal cells (mucous mem) |
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Definition
| Produce HCl, inducing low pH |
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Term
| Mechanism of chemical anatomic barrier: Tears and saliva (mucous mem) |
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Definition
| Contains lysozyme and phospholipase A |
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Term
| Mechanism of chemical anatomic barrier: Defensins (resp, GI) |
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Definition
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Term
| Mechanism of chemical anatomic barrier: Surfactants (resp) |
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Definition
| Opsonins (enhances phagocytosis) |
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Term
| Mechanism of biological anatomic barrier: normal flora (mucous mem) |
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Definition
| Contains antimicrobials, and provides competition for nutrients and colonization against invading pathogens |
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Term
| Mechanism of humoral component: Complement (4) |
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Definition
| Lyses bacteria/viruses, opsonin (increases phagocytosis), increases vascular permeability, recruits/activates phagocytes |
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Term
| Mechanism of humoral component: Coagulation system (3) |
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Definition
| Increases vascular permeability, recruits phagocytes, B-lysin from platelets is a cationic detergent |
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Term
| Mechanism of humoral component: Lactoferrin/transferrin |
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Definition
| Competes with bacteria for iron |
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Term
| Mechanism of humoral component: Lysozyme |
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Definition
| Breaks down bacterial cell walls |
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Term
| Mechanism of cellular component: neutrophils (2) |
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Definition
| Phagocytosis and intracellular killing, inflammation and tissue damage |
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Term
| Mechanism of cellular component: macrophages (4) |
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Definition
| Phagocytosis and intracellular killing, extracellular killing of infected/altered self targets, tissue repair, antigen presentation for specific response |
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Term
| Mechanism of cellular component: natural killer, lymphokine-activated killer |
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Definition
| Killing virus-infected, altered self-targets |
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Term
| Mechanism of cellular component: eosinophils |
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Definition
| Killing certain parasites |
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Term
| Immune system development: common precursor of all immune cells |
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Definition
| Hematopoeitic stem cell in bone marrow |
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Term
| Cytotoxic T cells come from |
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Definition
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Term
| Helper T cells (TH1, TH2) come from |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Pneumonic for white blood cell differential count: |
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Definition
| Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas (60, 30, 6, 3, 1) |
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Term
| Proportion of leukocyte % in blood: Neutrophil |
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Definition
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Term
| Proportion of leukocyte % in blood: Eosinophil |
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Definition
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Term
| Proportion of leukocyte % in blood: Basophil |
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Definition
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Term
| Proportion of leukocyte % in blood: Monocyte |
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Definition
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Term
| Proportion of leukocyte % in blood: Lymphocyte |
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Definition
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Term
| Two steps to innate immune response: |
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Definition
| 1) recognize pathogen, 2) eliminate it |
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Term
| Four elements of inflammation |
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Definition
| Heat, Pain, Redness, Swelling |
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Term
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Definition
| Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns - components/products of bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| Peptidoglycan (PGN), lipoteichoic acid (LTA), N-formylated peptides (fMLP) |
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Term
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Definition
| Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), N-formylated peptides (fMLP) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Pattern Recognition Receptors, found on the innate immunity cells, which mediate inflammation and drive T cell development to initiate adaptive immunity |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Two branches of adaptive immune response |
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Definition
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Term
| Cellular immune response mechanism |
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Definition
| Cell-mediated, involving T cells. Secreted or cell surface molecules induce other leukocytes to differentiate/mature, leading to humoral response |
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Term
| Humoral immune response mechanism |
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Definition
| Antibody-mediated, involving B cells. Antibodies/Ig targets cells/molecules for removal |
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Term
| Primary lymphatic tissues |
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Definition
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Term
| Secondary lymphatic tissues |
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Definition
| Lymph node, spleen, adenoids, tonsils, peyer's patches, appendix |
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Term
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Definition
| Collects extracellular fluid (lymph) from tissues, handling antigens |
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Term
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Definition
| Site of lymphocyte activation for blood-borne antigens; stores immune memory (memory lymphocytes) |
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Term
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Definition
| Gut associated lymphatic tissue: Adenoids, tonsils, peyer's patch, appendix |
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Term
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Definition
| Bronchial associated lymphoid tissue, lining respiratory tract |
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Term
| Major Histocompatibility Complex I: Expressed by? CD4 or CD8? Helper or Cytotoxic T? Source of peptide? |
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Definition
| Expressed: All nucleated cell surface. Recognized by: CD8 (Cytotoxic T). Source of peptide: Cytoplasm |
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Term
| MHC 2: Expressed by? CD4 or CD8? Helper or Cytotoxic T? Source of peptide? |
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Definition
| Expressed: Some nucleated cell surface: Recognized by: CD4 (Helper T). Peptide source: phagosomes |
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Term
| Four phases of adaptive response |
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Definition
| Recognition, activation, decline, memory |
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Term
| CELL AND BACTERIAL KILLING |
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Definition
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Term
| Cell types that perform phagocytosis |
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Definition
| Neutrophils, Monocytes, macrophages |
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Term
| Neutrophil (PMN) characteristics |
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Definition
| Polymorphonuclear leukocytes; contains enzyme-rich lysosomes that facilitate destruction of infectious microorganisms; most abundant, but short lived; forms pus at infected tissue |
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Term
| Monocyte characteristics and functions |
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Definition
| Precursor to macrophage; abundant granular cytoplasm. 1) Engulf bacteria, 2) Make cytokines, 3) Act as antigen-presenting cells |
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Term
| Cytokines made by monocytes (3) |
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Definition
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Term
| Phagocyte response to infection: the "SOS Signals" |
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Definition
| Signals that cause leukocytes to migrate to area of infection |
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Term
| N-formyl methionine-containing peptides |
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Definition
| Chemoattractant released by bacteria (both gram neg and pos) |
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Term
| Phagocyte response to infection: Lysosomal proteins |
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Definition
| Proteases and lysozyme; defensins; enzymes that produce ROS |
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Term
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Definition
| Cysteine rich, cationic - insert into membranes and create pores, causing bacterial components to leak out |
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Term
| Oxygen-independent killing done by |
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Definition
| Lyozyme, lactoferrin, proteases |
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Term
| Oxygen-dependent killing done by |
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Definition
| Reactive oxygen species produced by NADPH oxidase |
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Term
| Phagocyte response to infection: Granulomas |
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Definition
| Central core of infected macrophages, may form when macrophage cannot kill intracellular bacteria |
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Term
| Natural killer cells characteristics and functions |
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Definition
| Large, granular; performs cell killing and secretion of cytokines (IFN-gamma) |
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Term
| Receptor on NK cells that performs target recognition |
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Definition
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Term
| Receptor on NK cells that allows host cells to live |
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Definition
| Killer Inhibitory Receptors (KIR), which recognize normal MHC I |
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Term
| Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC) |
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Definition
| Coating target with specific IgG enhances killing of target by neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages, and especially natural killer cells |
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Term
| Lymphokine-Activated Killer (LAK) Cell |
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Definition
| Contains granules that kill malignant cells; can be stimulated by IFN and IL-2 to hold more granules |
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Term
| Lymphocytes: types (3), their proportions in circulation |
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Definition
| B cells (10-15%), antibody mediated immunity. T cells (75-80%), cell mediated immunity. Null (10%), natural killer cells |
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Term
| Cytotoxic T cells (CTL, CD8): granule contents |
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Definition
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Term
| Cytotoxic T cells: Fas ligand |
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Definition
| Binding Fas molecules on target cells triggers their apoptosis |
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