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Introduction to Horticulture
Test #1
219
Plant Sciences
Not Applicable
09/09/2022

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Cards

Term
What is the growing and study of vegetables (herbaceous vegetables and fruits)?
Definition
Olericulture
Term
What is the growing and study of fruit (tree/shrub fruits and nuts)?
Definition
Pomology
Term
What is the growing and study of grapes?
Definition
Viticulture
Term
What is the growing and study of flowers?
Definition
Floriculture
Term
What is the growing and maintenance of home, municipal, commercial, and sports turf? Includes seed and sod production.
Definition
Turfgrass Management
Term
What is the growing and study of plants in greenhouses?
Definition
Greenhouse Management
Term
What is the growing and study of trees and shrubs that are produced primarily for landscape purposes?
Definition
Nursery Management
Term
What is the growing and maintenance of trees - synonymous with urban forestry (a group of trees)?
Definition
Arboriculture
Term
What is the application of design and horticultural principles to placement and care of plants in the landscape?
Definition
Landscape Horticulture
Term
What's the application of design and horticultural principles to placement and care for plants in indoor environments?
Definition
Interioscaping
Term
What Old World Vavilovian center discovered soybean, hemp, and stone fruits: peach, apricot, and cherries?
Definition
Chinese
Term
What Old World Vavilovian center discovered rice, chickpeas, eggplant, mango, orange, tangerine, and bananas?
Definition
Indian/SE Asia
Term
What Old World Vavilovian center discovered wheat, peas, onions, garlic, carrot, grapes, pears, almonds, and apples?
Definition
Central Asiatic
Term
What Old World Vavilovian center discovered wheat, oats, rye, fig, pomegranate, pear, and alfalfa?
Definition
Near-Eastern
Term
What Vavilovian center discovered wheat, flax, hops, olives, peas, cabbage, lettuce, asparagus?
Definition
Mediterranean
Term
What Old World Vavilovian center discovered barley, sorghum, flax, coffee, and okra?
Definition
Abyssinian
Term
What New World Vavilovian center discovered maize, common bean, pepper, squash, sweet potato, cashew, and cacao?
Definition
South Mexican and Central American
Term
What New World Vavilovian center discovered potatoes, tobacco, tomatoes, pumpkins, strawberry, peanut, and pineapples?
Definition
South American
Term
Who is the "Father of Botany"?
Definition
Theophrastus
Term
What 2 presidents and 2 men were considered some of the early horticulturalists?
Definition
George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, John Bartram, and John Chapman (Johnny Appleseed)
Term
Who is the "Father of American Horticulture"?
Definition
Liberty Hyde Bailey
Term
Where were irrigation canals that were lined with burnt brick and sealed joints first used?
Definition
Mesopotamia, Babylonia, and Assyria
Term
Where specifically were roses, figs, dates, grapes, and olives grown?
Definition
Mesopotamia, Babylonia, and Assyria
Term
Who wrote the History of Plants and The Causes of Plants?
Definition
Theophrastus, student of Plato and Aristotle
Term
When were formal gardens created?
Definition
The Renaissance (1400-1600AD)
Term
T/F Cultivar characteristics are generally inheritable.
Definition
False
Term
T/F Cultivars come true-to-type from seed.
Definition
False
Term
What does gymnosperm mean?
Definition
Naked seed
Term
What do not produce flowers, but produce seeds on the end of modified bracts?
Definition
Gymnosperms
Term
Junipers, firs, pines, and spruce are examples of what?
Definition
Gymnosperms
Term
T/F Cultivars should be listed like 'This'
Definition
True
Term
What is a sub-group of cultivar with specific characteristics, like resistance to disease or better color?
Definition
Strain
Term
What is a sub-group of a cultivar that is taken by cuttings?
Definition
Clone
Term
What is a sub-group of a cultivar propagated by seed?
Definition
Line
Term
What is based on selection by growth habit and is not reproducible by seed?
Definition
Form
Term
What does the latin word americana mean?
Definition
Of America
Term
What does the latin word officinalis mean?
Definition
Medicinal
Term
What does the latin word repens mean?
Definition
Creeping, crawling
Term
What does the latin word vulgaris mean?
Definition
Common
Term
What are unique to plants, convert carbon dioxide and water to sugar and oxygen (photosynthesis), is primarily in leaves, and can move throughout the cells?
Definition
Chloroplasts
Term
What takes sugar and oxygen and converts it to energy and carbon dioxide, sugar is made in daylight, and the sugars are burned all day to fuel plant growth?
Definition
Mitochondria
Term
What is the "bag" in the cell, keeps cells plump with turgor pressure/water, and it is used for waste storage?
Definition
Vacuole
Term
What gives structure to plants, are glued together with pectin, and are rigid, unlike animal cells?
Definition
Cell wall
Term
What is semi-permeable and they can mostly select what can get inside them?
Definition
Cell membrane
Term
What are green tissues that exude a waxy cuticle, and still lets gases in with stomata , and guard cells
Definition
Epidermis
Term
What type of main tissue is the only place where plants can grow?
Definition
Meristems
Term
What type of meristem increases length in the root tips, buds, and shoot tips?
Definition
Apical
Term
What type of meristem increases width or girth in the vascular cambium, and cork cambium (woody dicots)?
Definition
Lateral
Term
What tissue consists of the xylem and phloem?
Definition
Vascular
Term
What vascular tissue carries limited items (water and dissolved minerals?
Definition
Xylem
Term
What vascular tissue travels only from the roots to the above ground plants parts?
Definition
Xylem
Term
What vascular tissue is always more to the inside of the plant?
Definition
Xylem
Term
What vascular tissue is always more to the outside of the plant?
Definition
Phloem
Term
What vascular tissue can move sugars and dissolved organic compounds in any direction?
Definition
Phloem
Term
What type of plant do their entire life cycle from seed germination to seed production occurs in one growing season, and then the plant dies?
Definition
Annual
Term
What type of plant life cycle does it start from seed and produces vegetative structures and food storage organs in its first full season?
Definition
Biennial
Term
What type of plant life cycle has a rosette of basal leaves through the winter?
Definition
Biennial
Term
Carrots, beets, celery, onions, hollyhock, Canterbury bells, and Sweet William are examples of what plant life cycle?
Definition
Biennial
Term
What plant life cycle do plants live for more than 2 years?
Definition
Perennial
Term
What are plants that die back to the ground each winter and have new stems that grow from the roots each spring?
Definition
Herbaceous perennial
Term
What type of herbaceous perennial have a relatively short growing season, then die back, but return the following spring?
Definition
Spring ephemeral
Term
What type of herbaceous perennial are plants that do not survive cold winters and must be dug up or be treated as annuals?
Definition
Tender perennials
Term
What type of herbaceous perennial do the plants do fine with cold temperatures?
Definition
Hardy perennials
Term
What type of perennial do the tops persists, such as shrubs, trees, and some vines?
Definition
Woody perennials
Term
What type of plant has seeds, but no fruit or flowers?
Definition
Gymnosperm
Term
What type of plants are divided into monocots and dicots?
Definition
Angiosperms
Term
Monocot or dicot: Grass
Definition
Monocot
Term
Monocot or dicot: Daylily
Definition
Monocot
Term
Gingko trees are dioecious. What does that mean?
Definition
Separate male and female plants
Term
What leaf venation do monocots have?
Definition
Parallel
Term
What leaf venations do dicots have?
Definition
Pinnate and palmate
Term
What angiosperm has leaves in 3s or multiples of 3s?
Definition
Monocot
Term
What angiosperm has leaves in 4s and 5s or multiples of those?
Definition
Dicots
Term
Monocot or dicot roots: Taproot, main roots continue to grow and develop.
Definition
Dicot
Term
Monocot or dicot roots: Fibrous, with smaller roots, equal size, and stop development.
Definition
Monocot
Term
Monocot or dicot: Scattered arrangement of primary vascular bundles in stem.
Definition
Monocot
Term
Monocot or dicot: Arrangement of primary vascular bundles are in a ring.
Definition
Dicot
Term
What is the tree's protection from the outside world?
Definition
Outer bark
Term
What layer of the trunk keeps moisture out and prevents the tree from losing moisture and protects it from hot/cold and insects?
Definition
Outer bark
Term
What layer of the trunk is the inner bark?
Definition
Phloem
Term
What layer of the trunk is the pipeline where food is passed to the rest of the tree?
Definition
Phloem
Term
What layer of the trunk only lives for a short time, dies, and turns to cork to become protected outer bark?
Definition
Phloem
Term
What layer of the trunk is the growing part and it annually produces new bark and new wood?
Definition
Cambium cell layer
Term
What layer of trunk is the pipeline for water moving up the tree and is new wood?
Definition
Sapwood/Xylem
Term
What layer of trunk are new rings laid down, inner cells lose their vitality and turn to heartwood?
Definition
Sapwood/Xylem
Term
What layer of trunk is the central, supporting pillar of the tree?
Definition
Heartwood
Term
What layer of trunk is dead but will not decay or lose strength if the outer layers are intact?
Definition
Heartwood
Term
What layer of trunk is composed of needlelike cellulose fibers bound together by a chemical glue called lignin, and it is in many ways as strong as steel?
Definition
Heartwood
Term
What is first year growth on a woody or herbaceous plant?
Definition
Shoot
Term
What is a woody stem that is less than a year old?
Definition
Twig
Term
What is a woody stem that is more than a year old?
Definition
Branch
Term
What is the main support stem(s) of woody plants?
Definition
Trunk
Term
What are juvenile adventitious shoots arising on a branch. They are generally very rapid, upright-growth, and is poorly attached to the main limb?
Definition
Water sprouts
Term
What are juvenile adventitious shoots arising from the roots, generally rapid upright-growing?
Definition
Suckers
Term
What are stems with a relatively large pith and usually live for 1 or 2 years?
Definition
Canes
Term
What are rose, grapes, blackberry, and raspberry stems called?
Definition
Canes
Term
What is tissues at the tip of a stem capable of cell division, gives rise to stem elongation?
Definition
Apical meristem
Term
What are primary tissues of a stem externally bound by the epidermis and internally by the phloem?
Definition
Cortex
Term
What vascular bundle distribute sugars that are products of photosynthesis?
Definition
Phloem tissues
Term
What type of vascular bundle are the single-celled layer of meristematic (dividing) tissues that continually divides to form phloem and xylem?
Definition
Cambium tissues
Term
What vascular bundle provides structural support in plants and it becomes woody tissue?
Definition
Xylem
Term
Monocot or dicot: In old woody plants, the pith is filled with rigid xylem wood fiber or are broken down creating a hollow stem.
Definition
Dicot
Term
What 3 shapes can be seen in a cross section of a stem pith?
Definition
Triangulate, star-shaped, or rounded
Term
What can be solid, hollow, or chambered?
Definition
Pith
Term
What decreases in size when a tree is experiencing drought?
Definition
Xylem tubes
Term
T/F Multi-year droughts have long-term impacts on plant growth.
Definition
True
Term
What is a stem's primary growing point?
Definition
Bud
Term
What is a bud at the tip of a stem and it releases auxin?
Definition
Terminal bud
Term
When this is released from the terminal bud, it suppresses development of lateral buds, which focuses the growth of the +plant upward rather than outward?
Definition
Auxin
Term
What grows from the leaf axils on the side of a stem?
Definition
Lateral buds
Term
What is a mark left on stem where the leaf was attached?
Definition
Leaf scar
Term
What are marks left in the leaf scar from the vascular tissue attachment?
Definition
Bundle scar
Term
What are pores that allow for gas exchange?
Definition
Lenticel
Term
What are marks left on a stem from the terminal bud scales in previous years?
Definition
Terminal bud scale scars
Term
What are an external measure of annual growth?
Definition
Terminal bud scales
Term
What is a segment of stem where leaves and lateral buds are attached?
Definition
Node
Term
What is a section of a stem between 2 nodes?
Definition
Internode
Term
What type of modified stem is a thickened, underground stem with fleshy storage leaves attached at the base?
Definition
Bulb
Term
What type of modified stem is short, thickened, underground stem with reduced scaly leaves?
Definition
Corm (Gladiolus)
Term
What type of modified stem is a compressed stem having leaves and flowers growing above and roots beneath?
Definition
Crown (Strawberries, dandelions, and african violet)
Term
What type of modified stem is a horizontal underground stem that forms roots and/or plantlets at tips or nodes?
Definition
Rhizome (Iris, bentgrass, and cannas)
Term
What type of modified stem is horizontal, above-ground stems often forming roots and/or plantlets at their tips or nodes?
Definition
Stolon (runner) (Strawberry runners and spider plants)
Term
What type of modified stem very compressed, fruiting twig found on some apples, pears, cherries, and gingko?
Definition
Spur
Term
What type of modified stem is used for climbing and can twist either direction depending on the plant?
Definition
Twining stems
Term
What type of modified stem are enlarged rhizome containing stored food?
Definition
Tuber
Term
What type of modified stem are short, flattened, modified storage stem. Different from tuber which have buds scattered all over, they only have leaf buds on the up end?
Definition
Tuberous stem
Term
What is the waxy protective outer layer of epidermis that prevents water loss on leaves, green stems, and fruit?
Definition
Cuticle
Term
When will the amount of cutin or wax increase?
Definition
With higher light intensity
Term
What are specialized kidney-shaped cells that open and close the stomata?
Definition
Guard cells
Term
What is the flattened part of the leaf called?
Definition
Blade
Term
What is a name for the leaf stalk?
Definition
Petiole
Term
What are leaf-like appendages at the base of the leaf?
Definition
Stipules
Term
What arrangement are leaves arranged in a ring?
Definition
Whorled (example: Catalpa)
Term
What leaf arrangement is a spiral cluster of leaves arranged at the base?
Definition
Rosette (example: Dandelion)
Term
What is when leaflets radiate from one central point?
Definition
Palmately compound
Term
What is when leaflets are arranged on both sides of a common rachis (leaf stalk), like a feather (Mountain Ash)?
Definition
Pinnately compound
Term
What is a double set of compound leaflets?
Definition
Bi-pinnately (doubly) compound
Term
How do you tell the difference between a single leaf and a compound one?
Definition
Simple leaves will attach to the stem at a bud node
Term
What are mature leaves common on most junipers and arborvitae?
Definition
Scale-like
Term
What are juvenile leaves that are common on some junipers?
Definition
Awl-shaped
Term
What shape are narrow flat needles of spruce, fir, and yews?
Definition
Linear-shaped
Term
What type of leaf do pines have?
Definition
Needle-like
Term
What are the 4 leaf types of conifers?
Definition
Scale, awl, linear, and needle-like
Term
What leaf venation has somewhat parallel vein sections, found in a Y?
Definition
Dichotomous venation (Gingko)
Term
What type of modified leaf is used as an attachment mechanism and is sometimes referred to as a holdfast?
Definition
Adhesive disk
Term
What type of modified leaf is specialized, and is often a highly colored leaf below flower that often serve to lure pollinators?
Definition
Bract (Poinsettia and dogwood)
Term
What type of modified leaf type can be found on barberrys?
Definition
Thorn
Term
What is a modified sinuous leaf used for climbing or as an attachment mechanism?
Definition
Tendril (Peas and grapes)
Term
What is the stem of a leaflet called?
Definition
Petiolule
Term
Where is the palisade layer located?
Definition
Below the upper epidermis
Term
Where is the spongy mesophyll located?
Definition
Between the palisade layer and lower epidermis. Also containers the vascular bundles
Term
What is the central female organ of the flower and is usually bowling pin shaped?
Definition
Pistil
Term
What part of the pistil receives pollen and is typically flattened and sticky?
Definition
Stigma
Term
What part of the pistil is the connective tissue between the stigma and ovary?
Definition
Style
Term
What part of the pistil contains ovules (unfertilized, immature seeds) or embryo sacs?
Definition
Ovary
Term
What are unfertilized, immature seeds?
Definition
Ovules
Term
What is the male flower organ?
Definition
Stamen
Term
What part of the stamen are pollen-producing organs?
Definition
Anthers
Term
What part of the stamen is the stalk supporting the anthers?
Definition
Filament
Term
What are usually colorful modified leaves that make up the flower?
Definition
Petals
Term
What are petals collectively called?
Definition
Corolla
Term
What may contain perfume and nectar gland and are designed to attract pollinators?
Definition
Petals
Term
What are protective leaf-like enclosures for the flower buds and are usually green?
Definition
Sepals
Term
Sepals are collectively known as what?
Definition
Calyx
Term
What is the base of the flower called?
Definition
Receptacle
Term
What is a flower stalk of an individual flower in an inflorescence?
Definition
Pedicel
Term
What is a flower containing sepals, petals, stamens and pistils?
Definition
Complete flower
Term
What is a flower lacking sepals, petals, stamens and/or pistils?
Definition
Incomplete
Term
What are flowers containing male and female parts?
Definition
Perfect
Term
What are flowers that lack either male or female parts?
Definition
Imperfect
Term
What are flowers only containing female parts?
Definition
Pistillate
Term
What are flowers only containing male parts?
Definition
Staminate
Term
What are plants with separate male flowers and female flowers on the same plant?
Definition
Monoecious
Term
What are plants with male flowers and female flowers on separate plants?
Definition
Dioecious
Term
What is a spike with only pistillate or staminate flowers (poplar, walnut, and willows)?
Definition
Catkin
Term
What is a daisy-type flower composed of ray flowers around the edge and disc flowers that develop into seed in center of flat head (sunflower and aster)?
Definition
Composite or head capitulum
Term
What are stemlets (pedicels) arranged along a main stem (yarrow and crabapple)?
Definition
Corymb
Term
What's a determinate, flat, or convex flower with the inner floret opening first?
Definition
Cyme
Term
What's an indeterminate flower with repeated branching? Can be made up of racemes, spikes, corymbs, or umbels?
Definition
Panicle
Term
What is a modification of a spike with flowers attached to the main stem (peduncle) by stemlets (pedicel) (snapdragons, bleeding heart)?
Definition
Raceme
Term
What is one flower per stem called?
Definition
Solitary
Term
What is a showy part is a bract or spathe, partially surrounding the male and
female flowers inside (calla, caladium)?
Definition
Spadix
Term
What are flowers attached to main stem, without stemlets, bottom florets open first (gladiolus, ajuga and gayfeather)?
Definition
Spike
Term
What are florets with stemlets attached to main stem at one central point, forming
a flat or rounded top? Outer florets open first (dill, onion)
Definition
Umbel
Term
What does anemophilous mean?
Definition
Flowers that are pollinated by the wind
Term
What are the 2 types of flowers of a composite flower?
Definition
Disk flowers (center) and ray flowers (outer)
Term
What are the youngest flowers, and therefore the last to open, are either at the top of theĀ inflorescenceĀ (in elongated axes) or in the center (in truncated axes)?
Definition
Indeterminate
Term
What is a compound raceme flower?
Definition
Panicle
Term
What's it called when the youngest flowers (those that are the last to open) are at the bottom of an elongated axis or on the outside of a truncated axis?
Definition
Determinate
Term
All flower arrangements are indeterminate except what 5?
Definition
Scripoid cyme, simple cyme, compound cyme (determinate), and spadix and catkins (miscellaneous)
Term
What's another name for a grass leaf?
Definition
Lamina
Term
What's another name for a grass stem?
Definition
Culm
Term
What is a hollow or pithy jointed stem
on grasses sedges and rushes?
Definition
Culm
Term
What are joints along stem where leaves are borne on grass?
Definition
Nodes
Term
What is the portion of the stem between 2 successive nodes on grass?
Definition
Internode
Term
What are adventitious stems of grass?
Definition
Rhizomes or stolons (runners)
Term
What are above ground, horizontal stems with nodes, internodes, and leaves?
Definition
Stolons (runners)
Term
What is the tubular, lower part of leaf that encloses the stem?
Definition
Sheath
Term
What is the outer side of leaf at junction of sheath and the blade in grasses?
Definition
Collar
Term
What are the 2 structures found inside the collar of grasses?
Definition
Ligules and auricles
Term
What is a membrane-like tissue (line of hairs) on the adaxial (inner) side of the collar and extends from the junction of the sheath and the blade?
Definition
Ligule
Term
What are small appendages at the junction of the blade and the sheath in grasses?
Definition
Auricles
Term
What part of grasses can be hairy, absent, or membrane-like?
Definition
Ligule
Term
What part of grasses can be short/stubby, long/clawlike, or absent?
Definition
Auricles
Term
What 3 types of inflorescence can grasses be?
Definition
Spike, raceme, or panicle
Term
What is the rarest type of inflorescence in grass?
Definition
Raceme
Term
T/F Juniper berries are a type of fleshy seed cone.
Definition
True
Term
What is the transfer of pollen from the male flower to the stigma of the female flower?
Definition
Pollination
Term
What is the union of pollen grain from the male flower with the egg cell in the female flower?
Definition
Fertilization
Term
Are genus and species italicized?
Definition
Yes
Term
What is the difference between a variety and a cultivar plant?
Definition
Varieties are natural and are true-to-type seed, cultivars are genetically modified and are not true-to-type seeds
Term
How should you write a variety name?
Definition
Genus species (italicized) var. variety name (also italicized)
Term
How should you write a cultivar?
Definition
Genus species (italicized) cv. 'Cultivar'
or cv. can be left out
Term
What is the difference between heartwood and sapwood?
Definition
Water is being actively transferred in sapwood and not in heartwood
Term
T/F Lenticels can be used in gas exchange.
Definition
True
Term
On stomata on the top or bottom of a leaf?
Definition
Bottom
Term
Sun or shade leaves: Lighter in color and smaller.
Definition
Sun leaves
Term
Sun or shade leaf: Larger and darker in color.
Definition
Shade
Term
If present, how many auricles are there?
Definition
2
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