Term
| What is the growing and study of vegetables (herbaceous vegetables and fruits)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the growing and study of fruit (tree/shrub fruits and nuts)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the growing and study of grapes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the growing and study of flowers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the growing and maintenance of home, municipal, commercial, and sports turf? Includes seed and sod production. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the growing and study of plants in greenhouses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the growing and study of trees and shrubs that are produced primarily for landscape purposes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the growing and maintenance of trees - synonymous with urban forestry (a group of trees)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the application of design and horticultural principles to placement and care of plants in the landscape? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the application of design and horticultural principles to placement and care for plants in indoor environments? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What Old World Vavilovian center discovered soybean, hemp, and stone fruits: peach, apricot, and cherries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What Old World Vavilovian center discovered rice, chickpeas, eggplant, mango, orange, tangerine, and bananas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What Old World Vavilovian center discovered wheat, peas, onions, garlic, carrot, grapes, pears, almonds, and apples? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What Old World Vavilovian center discovered wheat, oats, rye, fig, pomegranate, pear, and alfalfa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What Vavilovian center discovered wheat, flax, hops, olives, peas, cabbage, lettuce, asparagus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What Old World Vavilovian center discovered barley, sorghum, flax, coffee, and okra? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What New World Vavilovian center discovered maize, common bean, pepper, squash, sweet potato, cashew, and cacao? |
|
Definition
| South Mexican and Central American |
|
|
Term
| What New World Vavilovian center discovered potatoes, tobacco, tomatoes, pumpkins, strawberry, peanut, and pineapples? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who is the "Father of Botany"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 presidents and 2 men were considered some of the early horticulturalists? |
|
Definition
| George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, John Bartram, and John Chapman (Johnny Appleseed) |
|
|
Term
| Who is the "Father of American Horticulture"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where were irrigation canals that were lined with burnt brick and sealed joints first used? |
|
Definition
| Mesopotamia, Babylonia, and Assyria |
|
|
Term
| Where specifically were roses, figs, dates, grapes, and olives grown? |
|
Definition
| Mesopotamia, Babylonia, and Assyria |
|
|
Term
| Who wrote the History of Plants and The Causes of Plants? |
|
Definition
| Theophrastus, student of Plato and Aristotle |
|
|
Term
| When were formal gardens created? |
|
Definition
| The Renaissance (1400-1600AD) |
|
|
Term
| T/F Cultivar characteristics are generally inheritable. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Cultivars come true-to-type from seed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does gymnosperm mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do not produce flowers, but produce seeds on the end of modified bracts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Junipers, firs, pines, and spruce are examples of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Cultivars should be listed like 'This' |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a sub-group of cultivar with specific characteristics, like resistance to disease or better color? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a sub-group of a cultivar that is taken by cuttings? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a sub-group of a cultivar propagated by seed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is based on selection by growth habit and is not reproducible by seed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the latin word americana mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the latin word officinalis mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the latin word repens mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the latin word vulgaris mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are unique to plants, convert carbon dioxide and water to sugar and oxygen (photosynthesis), is primarily in leaves, and can move throughout the cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What takes sugar and oxygen and converts it to energy and carbon dioxide, sugar is made in daylight, and the sugars are burned all day to fuel plant growth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the "bag" in the cell, keeps cells plump with turgor pressure/water, and it is used for waste storage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What gives structure to plants, are glued together with pectin, and are rigid, unlike animal cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is semi-permeable and they can mostly select what can get inside them? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are green tissues that exude a waxy cuticle, and still lets gases in with stomata , and guard cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of main tissue is the only place where plants can grow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of meristem increases length in the root tips, buds, and shoot tips? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of meristem increases width or girth in the vascular cambium, and cork cambium (woody dicots)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What tissue consists of the xylem and phloem? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What vascular tissue carries limited items (water and dissolved minerals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What vascular tissue travels only from the roots to the above ground plants parts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What vascular tissue is always more to the inside of the plant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What vascular tissue is always more to the outside of the plant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What vascular tissue can move sugars and dissolved organic compounds in any direction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of plant do their entire life cycle from seed germination to seed production occurs in one growing season, and then the plant dies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of plant life cycle does it start from seed and produces vegetative structures and food storage organs in its first full season? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of plant life cycle has a rosette of basal leaves through the winter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carrots, beets, celery, onions, hollyhock, Canterbury bells, and Sweet William are examples of what plant life cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What plant life cycle do plants live for more than 2 years? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are plants that die back to the ground each winter and have new stems that grow from the roots each spring? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of herbaceous perennial have a relatively short growing season, then die back, but return the following spring? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of herbaceous perennial are plants that do not survive cold winters and must be dug up or be treated as annuals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of herbaceous perennial do the plants do fine with cold temperatures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of perennial do the tops persists, such as shrubs, trees, and some vines? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of plant has seeds, but no fruit or flowers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of plants are divided into monocots and dicots? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Monocot or dicot: Daylily |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gingko trees are dioecious. What does that mean? |
|
Definition
| Separate male and female plants |
|
|
Term
| What leaf venation do monocots have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What leaf venations do dicots have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What angiosperm has leaves in 3s or multiples of 3s? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What angiosperm has leaves in 4s and 5s or multiples of those? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Monocot or dicot roots: Taproot, main roots continue to grow and develop. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Monocot or dicot roots: Fibrous, with smaller roots, equal size, and stop development. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Monocot or dicot: Scattered arrangement of primary vascular bundles in stem. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Monocot or dicot: Arrangement of primary vascular bundles are in a ring. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the tree's protection from the outside world? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What layer of the trunk keeps moisture out and prevents the tree from losing moisture and protects it from hot/cold and insects? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What layer of the trunk is the inner bark? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What layer of the trunk is the pipeline where food is passed to the rest of the tree? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What layer of the trunk only lives for a short time, dies, and turns to cork to become protected outer bark? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What layer of the trunk is the growing part and it annually produces new bark and new wood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What layer of trunk is the pipeline for water moving up the tree and is new wood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What layer of trunk are new rings laid down, inner cells lose their vitality and turn to heartwood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What layer of trunk is the central, supporting pillar of the tree? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What layer of trunk is dead but will not decay or lose strength if the outer layers are intact? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What layer of trunk is composed of needlelike cellulose fibers bound together by a chemical glue called lignin, and it is in many ways as strong as steel? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is first year growth on a woody or herbaceous plant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a woody stem that is less than a year old? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a woody stem that is more than a year old? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main support stem(s) of woody plants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are juvenile adventitious shoots arising on a branch. They are generally very rapid, upright-growth, and is poorly attached to the main limb? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are juvenile adventitious shoots arising from the roots, generally rapid upright-growing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are stems with a relatively large pith and usually live for 1 or 2 years? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are rose, grapes, blackberry, and raspberry stems called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is tissues at the tip of a stem capable of cell division, gives rise to stem elongation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are primary tissues of a stem externally bound by the epidermis and internally by the phloem? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What vascular bundle distribute sugars that are products of photosynthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of vascular bundle are the single-celled layer of meristematic (dividing) tissues that continually divides to form phloem and xylem? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What vascular bundle provides structural support in plants and it becomes woody tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Monocot or dicot: In old woody plants, the pith is filled with rigid xylem wood fiber or are broken down creating a hollow stem. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 3 shapes can be seen in a cross section of a stem pith? |
|
Definition
| Triangulate, star-shaped, or rounded |
|
|
Term
| What can be solid, hollow, or chambered? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What decreases in size when a tree is experiencing drought? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Multi-year droughts have long-term impacts on plant growth. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a stem's primary growing point? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a bud at the tip of a stem and it releases auxin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When this is released from the terminal bud, it suppresses development of lateral buds, which focuses the growth of the +plant upward rather than outward? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What grows from the leaf axils on the side of a stem? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a mark left on stem where the leaf was attached? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are marks left in the leaf scar from the vascular tissue attachment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are pores that allow for gas exchange? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are marks left on a stem from the terminal bud scales in previous years? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are an external measure of annual growth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a segment of stem where leaves and lateral buds are attached? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a section of a stem between 2 nodes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of modified stem is a thickened, underground stem with fleshy storage leaves attached at the base? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of modified stem is short, thickened, underground stem with reduced scaly leaves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of modified stem is a compressed stem having leaves and flowers growing above and roots beneath? |
|
Definition
| Crown (Strawberries, dandelions, and african violet) |
|
|
Term
| What type of modified stem is a horizontal underground stem that forms roots and/or plantlets at tips or nodes? |
|
Definition
| Rhizome (Iris, bentgrass, and cannas) |
|
|
Term
| What type of modified stem is horizontal, above-ground stems often forming roots and/or plantlets at their tips or nodes? |
|
Definition
| Stolon (runner) (Strawberry runners and spider plants) |
|
|
Term
| What type of modified stem very compressed, fruiting twig found on some apples, pears, cherries, and gingko? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of modified stem is used for climbing and can twist either direction depending on the plant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of modified stem are enlarged rhizome containing stored food? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of modified stem are short, flattened, modified storage stem. Different from tuber which have buds scattered all over, they only have leaf buds on the up end? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the waxy protective outer layer of epidermis that prevents water loss on leaves, green stems, and fruit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When will the amount of cutin or wax increase? |
|
Definition
| With higher light intensity |
|
|
Term
| What are specialized kidney-shaped cells that open and close the stomata? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the flattened part of the leaf called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a name for the leaf stalk? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are leaf-like appendages at the base of the leaf? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What arrangement are leaves arranged in a ring? |
|
Definition
| Whorled (example: Catalpa) |
|
|
Term
| What leaf arrangement is a spiral cluster of leaves arranged at the base? |
|
Definition
| Rosette (example: Dandelion) |
|
|
Term
| What is when leaflets radiate from one central point? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is when leaflets are arranged on both sides of a common rachis (leaf stalk), like a feather (Mountain Ash)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a double set of compound leaflets? |
|
Definition
| Bi-pinnately (doubly) compound |
|
|
Term
| How do you tell the difference between a single leaf and a compound one? |
|
Definition
| Simple leaves will attach to the stem at a bud node |
|
|
Term
| What are mature leaves common on most junipers and arborvitae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are juvenile leaves that are common on some junipers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What shape are narrow flat needles of spruce, fir, and yews? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of leaf do pines have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 leaf types of conifers? |
|
Definition
| Scale, awl, linear, and needle-like |
|
|
Term
| What leaf venation has somewhat parallel vein sections, found in a Y? |
|
Definition
| Dichotomous venation (Gingko) |
|
|
Term
| What type of modified leaf is used as an attachment mechanism and is sometimes referred to as a holdfast? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of modified leaf is specialized, and is often a highly colored leaf below flower that often serve to lure pollinators? |
|
Definition
| Bract (Poinsettia and dogwood) |
|
|
Term
| What type of modified leaf type can be found on barberrys? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a modified sinuous leaf used for climbing or as an attachment mechanism? |
|
Definition
| Tendril (Peas and grapes) |
|
|
Term
| What is the stem of a leaflet called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the palisade layer located? |
|
Definition
| Below the upper epidermis |
|
|
Term
| Where is the spongy mesophyll located? |
|
Definition
| Between the palisade layer and lower epidermis. Also containers the vascular bundles |
|
|
Term
| What is the central female organ of the flower and is usually bowling pin shaped? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the pistil receives pollen and is typically flattened and sticky? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the pistil is the connective tissue between the stigma and ovary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the pistil contains ovules (unfertilized, immature seeds) or embryo sacs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are unfertilized, immature seeds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the male flower organ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the stamen are pollen-producing organs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the stamen is the stalk supporting the anthers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are usually colorful modified leaves that make up the flower? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are petals collectively called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What may contain perfume and nectar gland and are designed to attract pollinators? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are protective leaf-like enclosures for the flower buds and are usually green? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sepals are collectively known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the base of the flower called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a flower stalk of an individual flower in an inflorescence? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a flower containing sepals, petals, stamens and pistils? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a flower lacking sepals, petals, stamens and/or pistils? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are flowers containing male and female parts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are flowers that lack either male or female parts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are flowers only containing female parts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are flowers only containing male parts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are plants with separate male flowers and female flowers on the same plant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are plants with male flowers and female flowers on separate plants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a spike with only pistillate or staminate flowers (poplar, walnut, and willows)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a daisy-type flower composed of ray flowers around the edge and disc flowers that develop into seed in center of flat head (sunflower and aster)? |
|
Definition
| Composite or head capitulum |
|
|
Term
| What are stemlets (pedicels) arranged along a main stem (yarrow and crabapple)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's a determinate, flat, or convex flower with the inner floret opening first? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's an indeterminate flower with repeated branching? Can be made up of racemes, spikes, corymbs, or umbels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a modification of a spike with flowers attached to the main stem (peduncle) by stemlets (pedicel) (snapdragons, bleeding heart)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is one flower per stem called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is a showy part is a bract or spathe, partially surrounding the male and
female flowers inside (calla, caladium)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are flowers attached to main stem, without stemlets, bottom florets open first (gladiolus, ajuga and gayfeather)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are florets with stemlets attached to main stem at one central point, forming
a flat or rounded top? Outer florets open first (dill, onion) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does anemophilous mean? |
|
Definition
| Flowers that are pollinated by the wind |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of flowers of a composite flower? |
|
Definition
| Disk flowers (center) and ray flowers (outer) |
|
|
Term
| What are the youngest flowers, and therefore the last to open, are either at the top of the inflorescence (in elongated axes) or in the center (in truncated axes)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a compound raceme flower? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's it called when the youngest flowers (those that are the last to open) are at the bottom of an elongated axis or on the outside of a truncated axis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All flower arrangements are indeterminate except what 5? |
|
Definition
| Scripoid cyme, simple cyme, compound cyme (determinate), and spadix and catkins (miscellaneous) |
|
|
Term
| What's another name for a grass leaf? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's another name for a grass stem? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is a hollow or pithy jointed stem
on grasses sedges and rushes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are joints along stem where leaves are borne on grass? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the portion of the stem between 2 successive nodes on grass? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are adventitious stems of grass? |
|
Definition
| Rhizomes or stolons (runners) |
|
|
Term
| What are above ground, horizontal stems with nodes, internodes, and leaves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the tubular, lower part of leaf that encloses the stem? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the outer side of leaf at junction of sheath and the blade in grasses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 structures found inside the collar of grasses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a membrane-like tissue (line of hairs) on the adaxial (inner) side of the collar and extends from the junction of the sheath and the blade? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are small appendages at the junction of the blade and the sheath in grasses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of grasses can be hairy, absent, or membrane-like? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of grasses can be short/stubby, long/clawlike, or absent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 3 types of inflorescence can grasses be? |
|
Definition
| Spike, raceme, or panicle |
|
|
Term
| What is the rarest type of inflorescence in grass? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Juniper berries are a type of fleshy seed cone. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the transfer of pollen from the male flower to the stigma of the female flower? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the union of pollen grain from the male flower with the egg cell in the female flower? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are genus and species italicized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between a variety and a cultivar plant? |
|
Definition
| Varieties are natural and are true-to-type seed, cultivars are genetically modified and are not true-to-type seeds |
|
|
Term
| How should you write a variety name? |
|
Definition
| Genus species (italicized) var. variety name (also italicized) |
|
|
Term
| How should you write a cultivar? |
|
Definition
Genus species (italicized) cv. 'Cultivar'
or cv. can be left out |
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Term
| What is the difference between heartwood and sapwood? |
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Definition
| Water is being actively transferred in sapwood and not in heartwood |
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Term
| T/F Lenticels can be used in gas exchange. |
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Definition
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Term
| On stomata on the top or bottom of a leaf? |
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Definition
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Term
| Sun or shade leaves: Lighter in color and smaller. |
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Definition
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Term
| Sun or shade leaf: Larger and darker in color. |
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Definition
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Term
| If present, how many auricles are there? |
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Definition
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