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| term of political speech used by politicians, business people and protesters to make politically charged arguments. |
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| the extension, acceleration and intensification of consequential worldwide connections * INCREASING GLOBAL INTER DEPENDENCIES* |
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| adaptation of a product or service specifically to each locality or culture in which it is sold, similar to internationalization. (Market Access) |
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| all goods and services sold in order to make money |
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| tangible products sold for money, i.e. Dell computers, Starbucks coffee. |
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| select service sold for money, i.e. delivery service (UPS), plane ticket. Non- tangible, cannot drop it onto your foot. |
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| the stages it takes for a company to produce and sell its goods or services, i.e. classic capitalist commodity chain: money-> commodity production-> sale. |
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| situation where a country, individual, company, or region can produce goods at a lower cost than a competitor. |
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| export goods and services minus import goods and services. |
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| focusing on a product but ignoring how or where it’s made (brand focus). |
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| Anti Globalization Overview & 1-4 |
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critical of the globalization of corporate capitalism.
1 Global fair trade vs. free trade
2 Rebuild public services & spaces vs. privatization
3 Global protections for the environment & workers vs. deregulation
4 Investments in education and health vs. cutbacks & austerity |
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5 Global tax on capital movements vs. tax reductions for capital holders
6 Hold foreign investors accountable to local law vs. enticing FDI
7 Transnational worker & community solidarity vs. union busting
8 Local food security & sustainablity vs. export led growth
9 Global debt relief without conditionalities vs. structural adjustment
10 Open source, shared science vs. patents and titling |
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1. Trade Liberalism "adopt free trade"
2. Privatize public services "use business efficiency"
3. deregulate business and finance "cut red tape"
4. Cut public spending "shrink govt."
5. reduce and flatten taxes "be business friendly" |
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6. encourage foreign investment "reduce capital controls"
7. de-unionize "respect rights to work and labor flexibility"
8. export led development - ‘trade not aid’
9. reduce inflation - ‘price stability and savings protection’
10. enforce property rights - "patent protection" "titling" |
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| Anti Neoliberalism/ Alter Globalization 1-5 |
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1 Global fair trade vs. free trade
2 Rebuild public services & spaces vs. privatization
3 Global protections for the environment & workers vs. deregulation
4 Investments in education and health vs. cutbacks & austerity
5 Global tax on capital movements vs. tax reductions for capital holders |
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| Anti Neoliberalism/ Alter Globalization 6-10 |
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6 Hold foreign investors accountable to local law vs. enticing FDI
7 Transnational worker & community solidarity vs. union-busting
8 Local food security & sustainability vs. export led growth
9 Global debt relief without conditionalities vs. structural adjustment
10 Open source, shared science vs. patents and titling |
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private ownership of means of production and the creation of goods or services for a profit. 1. Ceaseless search for profit
2. Ceaseless search for new markets
3. Ceaseless search for cheaper inputs
4. Ceaseless speed up of the production-sales circuit |
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| policy of deficit-cutting by lowering spending via a reduction in the amount of benefits and public services provided |
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| the transformation of goods, ideas or other entities that may not normally be regarded as goods into a commodity. |
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Foreign Direct Investment
a) ‘Greenfield investments’ in foreign factories, foreign retailing outlets and/or foreign offices
b) ‘Mergers and acquisitions’ (M&A) of foreign companies |
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| national mass production (in house, assembly lines, just in case inventory, Taylorism, working class political mobilization), national mass consumption, government demanded management( govt. regulated fiscal& monetary policy), business labor arbitration by the government, development of welfare states, national economies ad financial regulation. *IMPORTANT- Ford paid workers enough to be consumers of his products. |
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| Strategic global production (networked, subcontracting, just in time deliveries, flexibility& benchmarking, workers are deeply politically divided, uneven global consumption), minimalist government( govt. abdicates control of monetary policy), Anti- union laws& pro-business place promotion, development of workplace states, transnational economies and financial deregulation. |
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| producer driven commodity chains, i.e. Boeing. low market integration from in house |
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| Market driven commodity chains, i.e. Nike. Becoming dominant due to outsourcing, off-shoring and increased inter-dependency, high market integration |
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| contacting with third party to provide components (horizontal integration) |
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| moving production abroad to exploit cheaper labor, lower taxes or lower regulatory control (horizontal integration) |
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| policies implemented by the IMF for obtaining lower interest rates on existing loans. |
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| Three myths of Globalization |
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| New, Inevitable, Leveler : form discourse that shapes common sense |
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| 1820-1920’s, economic liberalization leads to limited trade liberalization, Imperial trading co’s (Hudson’s Bay, East Indian)& resource co’s (BP, Dole), access& expand goods markets, in countries with imperial spheres of influence & control through networks of imperial control |
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| Keynesian Welfare State Liberalism |
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| 1930’s- 1960’s, political liberalization leads to economic autarchy, MNC’s (Ford, IBM, Coke)& commercial banks (Citibank), to access foreign markets enclosed by tariff/non-tariff areas by marketing products in areas, in countries with large markets accessible under cold war conditions, used mainly “in house” and “captive supplier” commodity chains |
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| 1970’s-2006 (now), return to economic liberalism leads to global free trade, TNC’s (Nike, Walmart, BP, ICI, Ford, IBM, Dole, Unilever, Coke, Citibank, etc), to increase profits by accessing global markets and by seeking out cheapest inputs of labor, raw materials, financing, and infrastructure( countries, regions& cities that promote themselves as open markets with either cheap labor and/or business friendly sociopolitical regimes(i.e. EPZs)), TNC’s sometimes use “in house” and “captive supplier” commodity chains but also combine these or replace these using various mixes of ‘modular’, ‘relational network’ and fully ‘marketized’ commodity chains. |
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| Producer Driven Commodity Chain Example |
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| Buyer Driven Commodity Chain Examples |
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New International Division of Labor
Phase 1- De-industrialization of the west
Phase 2- Outsourcing everywhere
low wage employment moved to poorer parts of global south 80's&90's |
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• TINA- There Is No Alternative, claim to inevitability made by Margaret Thatcher, pro market policies (1. trade liberalization - ‘adopt free trade’
2. privatize public services - ‘use business efficiency’
3. deregulate business and finance - ‘cut red tape’
4. cut public spending - ‘shrink government’
5. reduce and flatten taxes - ‘be business friendly’ |
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6. encourage foreign investment - ‘reduce capital controls’
7. de-unionize - ‘respect rights to work & labor flexibility’
8. export led development - ‘trade not aid’
9. reduce inflation - ‘price stability & savings protection’
10. enforce property rights – ‘patent protection’ & ‘titling) |
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| less distance effects on global trade from advancement of technology, containerization, bar codes with walmart |
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| downward harmonization enforcing neoliberalism through competition (cheap labor) used by critics of neoliberalism to describe net effect of new free trade regimes such as NAFTA |
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| finding cheaper choices for labor and materials (ties with downward harmonization)TNCs do so. |
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| Globalization has torn down barriers for business, use it promote neoliberalism, omniscient view on world, direct link to real practices |
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| Typical Capitalist Commodity Chains (3 parts) |
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| Production, Distribution, Consumption |
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| Newt Gingrich, Thomas Friedman, Bill Clinton, Milton Friedman, Fredrich von Hyek |
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| Blind men and Elephant Meaning |
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| Ex. of countries' inability to work cooperatively, need to be aware of disciplinary limits and need to draw on lessons from different disciplines |
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| Marketized Model- Commodity Chain |
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| "flexible network" the most market- mediated approach to commodity chain management. -Most coord. thru market mechanisms and price signals from consumers to indiv. producers -many big name products are made and marketed this way |
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| "Relational Model"- Commodity Chain |
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More correspondence b/w buyers and producers
-market mediation/messages superseded by relational ties
-strong method b/c family& kin based credit pooling (esp Asia) |
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| Modular Model- Commodity Chain |
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Breaking up of production process for complete products into more simple modules
- way to combine market mediation w/ complexity handling capabilities of in house and captive supplier |
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| Captive Supplier- Commodity Chains |
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create supply links with component makers who produce only for them
-involves market mediation
-captive firm
-dependency= risk of vulnerability to bankruptcy |
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| In House- Commodity Chain |
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| Vertical Integration of production, distribution, and sales all within the same company |
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Competitive Global business city
Collaborative global justice city
curative global philanthropy city |
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geographical
social
political |
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| Technical Divisions of Labor |
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| Adam Smith- Splitting up work to be completed by different people with different specialized skills |
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| Globalization 3 step by Scholars |
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-Criticism/ Exaggerate
-Skeptics are wrong
-Offer middle ground b/w exaggeration and skepticism |
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| Four I's of Neoliberalism |
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Ideation
Institutions
Ideology
Individuals |
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| How NAFTA and WTO legalese characterizes any policy or govt. reg. that's not a tariff, but has effect of limiting trade. Many of these laws are designed to protect environment, workers& consumers, but this does not stop the trade lawyers from calling them protectionist in trade terms. |
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| Duty or tax usually paid y exporters in order to move their products across a national border into a foreign market. |
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| World Trade Organization, founded in 1994, purpose to liberalize international trade by enforcing free trade rules, arbitrary international trade disputes and working to forge new global agreements on the removal of tariffs and Non tariff barriers. |
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| Opening up national markets to foreign markets to foreign trade; generally involving removal of tariffs and No trade barriers. |
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| Structural Adjustment Programs |
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| the main way neoliberalism has been imposed by the world bank and the IMF on poor countries. Consist of neoliberal reforms and packaged and presented as the conditionalities for new loans or debt rescheduling. |
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| makes an approach to governing capitalism that emphasizes liberalizing markets and making market forces the basis of economic coordination, social distribution, and personal motivation |
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| makes an approach to governing capitalism that emphasizes liberalizing markets and making market forces the basis of economic coordination, social distribution, and personal motivation |
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North American Free Trade Agreement
1992 US, Canada, Mexico rep'd an agreement to reduce tariffs on all goods entering the signatory country from other countries GOAL: max sourcing efficiency |
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| process of freeing up ineternational trade and investments: including the removal of both tariffs and non tariff barriers |
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International Monetary Fund
Charged with ensuring the stability of the world financial system and dealing with short term financing crisis experienced by countries w/ big balance of payments imbalances |
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| Describes instrumental use of Globalization rhetoric to justify policy changes that lead in the direction of neoliberalism |
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| term used as a catch all to describe all countries and communities of the world that are poorer than the richer than the so- called "north" |
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