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Intro to Ethnic Studies
N/A
163
Sociology
Undergraduate 2
12/09/2014
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Term
Who was the first person to use the term Caucasian?
 Definition
Johann Blumenbach
Term
Most of the genetic variation in regard to human populations occurs _____ populations.
 Definition
within
Term
Today, social scientists view "race" as a _____ reality.
 Definition
socially constructed
Term
Who was the first social scientist to use the term 'ethnicity'?
 Definition
W. Lloyd Warner
Term
Many scholars today consider it more accurate to use the term _____ group for a minority group.
 Definition
subordinate
Term
Most sociologists and anthropologists refer to "the shared values, understandings, symbols, and practices of a group of people" as:
 Definition
culture
Term
The understandings and symbols created and controlled by a powerful group are included in which concept?
 Definition
dominant culture
Term
The understandings and symbols of an immigrant group entering the sphere of the dominant culture are included in which concept?
 Definition
immigrant culture
Term
Some subordinated racial and ethnic groups have drawn on their well developed cultures to resist discrimination and slavish assimilation to the dominant Anglo-Protestant culture. Some analysts describe these groups as:
 Definition
cultures of resistance
Term
Researchers David Sears and John McConahay have identified white beliefs that serious anti-black discrimination does not exist today and that African Americans are making illegitimate demands for social changes. They refer to this as:
 Definition
symbolic or modern racism
Term
Which of the following is NOT one of the dimensions in sorting out the confusion that accompanies the important dimensions of racial or ethnic discrimination?
 Definition
the psychological context
Term
The actions of terrorists bombing a black church is an example of _____ racism.
 Definition
individual
Term
Accumulating institutional practices that lead to large numbers of black children suffering because of inadequate nutrition and medical facilities illustrates what type of racism?
 Definition
institutional
Term
_____ discrimination is harmful action taken intentionally by a member of a dominant racial or ethnic group against members of a subordinate group, without the support of other members of the dominant group in the immediate social or community context.
 Definition
isolated
Term
When it targets racial groups, systematic white discrimination is often called:
 Definition
white racism
Term
Ideological racism
 Definition
an ideology that considers a group’s unchangeable physical characteristics to be linked in a direct, causal way to psychological or intellectual characteristics and that, on this basis, distinguishes between superior and inferior racial groups
Term
Racial group
 Definition
a social group that persons inside or outside the group have decided is important to single out as inferior or superior, typically on the basis of real or alleged physical characteristics subjectively selected
Term
Ethnic group
 Definition
a group socially distinguished or set apart, by others or by itself, primarily on the basis of cultural or national-origin characteristics
Term
Ethnocentrism
 Definition
as described by William G. Sumner: "the view of things in which one’s own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it"
Term
Prejudice
 Definition
an antipathy based on a faulty generalization; it may be felt or expressed; it may be directed toward a group as a whole, or toward an individual because she or he is a member of that group
Term
Stereotype
 Definition
an overgeneralization associated with a racial or ethnic category that goes beyond existing evidence
Term
Discrimination
 Definition
actions carried out by members of dominant groups, or their representatives, that have a differential and harmful impact on members of subordinate groups
Term
Subtle discrimination
 Definition
unequal and harmful treatment of members of subordinate racial and ethnic groups that is obvious to the victim but not as overt as traditional, "door-slamming" varieties of discrimination
Term
Covert discrimination
 Definition
harmful treatment of members of subordinate racial and ethnic groups that is hidden and difficult to document, including acts of sabotage and tokenism
Term
Systematic discrimination
 Definition
patterns of discrimination cutting across political, economic, and social organizations in society
Term
R.A. Schermerhorn has suggested four major types of migration that generate racial and ethnic relations. Which of the following is NOT one of these?
 Definition
casual-labor movement
Term
The voluntary migration of powerful colonizers is sometimes termed __________ migration.
 Definition
colonization
Term
Which of the following types of theories tends to focus on patterns of inclusion, progressive adaptation to the dominant culture, and on stability in intergroup relations?
 Definition
order
Term
Which of the following types of theories focuses on genocide, continuing hierarchy, and the persisting and substantial inequality of the power and resource distribution typically associated with racial or ethnic subordination?
 Definition
power-conflict
Term
In Robert E. Park’s view, intergroup contacts regularly go through stages of a __________ cycle.
 Definition
race relations
Term
Andrew Greeley developed the interesting concept of __________ and applied it to white immigrant groups set off by nationality and religion.
 Definition
ethnogenesis
Term
One early exception to the assimilation perspective was the __________ school or race relations, which developed in the 1940s under W. Lloyd Warner and Allison Davis.
 Definition
castle
Term
Neo-Marxist theories of internal colonialism argue that four classes have developed in U.S. capitalism. Which of the following is NOT one of these classes?
 Definition
clerical
Term
One form of ideological resistance is __________, which developed as part of the cultural resistance to European colonialism and its racist ideologies.
 Definition
anticolonial nationalism
Term
Sociologist Edna Bonacich argues that in U.S. society, dominant-group (white) workers do not share the interests of the top economic class - the capitalists – yet both the employer class and the white part of the working class discriminate against the racially subordinated part of the worker class. Bonacich’s view is referred to as:
 Definition
the split labor market
Term
__________ theory examines secondary-structural incorporation into the economy, especially the ways in which certain non-European immigrant groups have created social and economic niches in cities.
 Definition
enclave
Term
Social psychologist Philomena Essed examined black women in the United States and the Netherlands, discovering that racism and sexism interact to create:
 Definition
gendered racism
Term
Denise Segura has examined labor-force data on Mexican American women and found that race, class and gender interact to create what she terms __________ .
 Definition
triple oppression
Term
The text accents six major themes in the development of racial oppression. Which of the following is NOT one of these?
 Definition
acceptance of oppression
Term
Which term does the text deem an inadequate designation for the immigrants from England and their descendents?
 Definition
Anglo-Saxon
Term
The text points out that the English settlers' seventeenth-century migration, together with their pattern of settlement, was different from later European migration streams. This movement can be viewed as _____ migration.
 Definition
colonization
Term
According to historian David Fischer, there were four distinctive groups of English-speaking immigrants to North America. Which of the following is NOT one of these?
 Definition
the Shakers, from Denmark
Term
According to the text, the most prominent American to contribute to the development of racial nativism was:
 Definition
Madison Grant
Term
In 1997, a group called the National English Campaign announced its goals. Which of the following is NOT one of these?
 Definition
an emphasis on Ebonics
Term
Which phrase has been used by Will Herberg in describing the dominant Anglo-Protestant culture?
 Definition
the "American way of life"
Term
The text points out that certain Anglo-Protestant values have had a significant impact on later immigrants. Which of the following best reflects these values?
 Definition
ascetic (austere and self-denying) Protestantism
Term
Which one of the following has been the only Catholic-American president of the United States?
 Definition
John F. Kennedy
Term
His 1970s study of major decision makers in the United States led to the conclusion that "great power in America is concentrated in a tiny handful of men." This person's name is:
 Definition
Thomas Dye
Term
In the 1999-2000 census, how many Americans were estimated to have some English ancestry?
 Definition
28.3 million
Term
The English were the first Europeans to come to North America.
 Definition
false
Term
Migration to the American colonies was heavily English until 1700.
 Definition
true
Term
The first joint-stock companies were formed by merchants under the auspices of James I of England in the early 1600s.
 Definition
true
Term
The northern colony of Plymouth was settled in 1820.
 Definition
false
Term
Around 1790, mostly enslaved African Americans only made up about one-sixteenth of the total population at that time.
 Definition
false
Term
German immigrants made up the largest non-British group during the eighteenth century.
 Definition
true
Term
Scandinavian immigrants, such as Swedes and Norwegians, entered the United States in large numbers during the 1770s and 1780s.
 Definition
false
Term
The official language of the United States is English.
 Definition
false
Term
The early colonial assemblies were almost exclusively English in makeup.
 Definition
true
Term
The largest white ethnic group in the South today is still Americans of English descent.
 Definition
true
Term
Irish immigration to America was greatest between:
 Definition
1841-1860 and 1880-1890s
Term
Anglo-American politicians and other prominent persons in the late 19th century:
 Definition
viewed the Scotch Irish as exemplary pioneers
Term
Which of the following can be seen as a significant pull factor encouraging Irish immigration?
 Definition
the perception of the land of golden opportunity
Term
Most young, single Irish women immigrants:
 Definition
took jobs and became independent and self-sufficient
Term
Early stereotypes of the Irish were very similar to those of the:
 Definition
blacks
Term
The Whisky Rebellion was:
 Definition
a protest movement by Irish and other frontier settlers against oppressive control by English American interests
Term
18th-century English-dominated colonial society:
 Definition
encouraged Irish immigrants to settle in frontier areas as a barrier to Native Americans
Term
Between 1850 and 1890, Irish Americans:
 Definition
came to see themselves as white and, as a rule, began to develop the anti-black prejudices and framing shared by other whites
Term
Which of the following characterizes Irish American influence in the early political life of the U.S.?
 Definition
a significant minority
Term
Which of the following describes an Irish contribution to U.S. politics?
 Definition
a pragmatic system of coalition and compromise at the local level
Term
Recently, Irish Americans, compared with average Americans:
 Definition
had a higher median family income
Term
Assimilation for the Irish in the U.S. has:
 Definition
been greater than for many other white ethnic groups
Term
In which period was Italian immigration to the U.S. heaviest?
 Definition
1880-1920
Term
Which was NOT a factor that influenced the heavy immigration of Italians to the U.S.?
 Definition
the desire of most Italian immigrants for a permanent home in the U.S.
Term
Although intelligence tests were used to measure the intellectual inferiority of southern and eastern European immigrants, these tests can be seen as inaccurate because:
 Definition
they measure only selected, learned verbal and quantitative skills
Term
Which stereotype was NOT applied to Italian immigrants?
 Definition
apelike
Term
During World War II:
 Definition
the use of the Italian language on the radio was prohibited in some northeastern cities
Term
Geraldine Ferraro, an Italian American, was the first woman to:
 Definition
be nominated to be vice-president of the U.S.
Term
Which of the following is NOT one of the persisting problems facing Italian Americans?
 Definition
overrepresentation of faculty at most colleges and universities
Term
Public schools at the end of the 19th century:
 Definition
sought to Americanize Italians as quickly as possible
Term
Cultural adaptation for Italian immigrants:
 Definition
was slowed by hostility in the new environment, poverty, and the intent to return home
Term
The rate of intermarriage between Italian Americans and other white ethnic groups is highest for:
 Definition
those with higher status educational and occupational achievements
Term
Which of the following best characterizes the Italian experience in the U.S.?
 Definition
ethnogenesis
Term
Today Italian Americans as a group are best characterized:
 Definition
by substantial adaptation without complete assimilation
Term
The largest group of Jewish immigrants have come from:
 Definition
Eastern Europe
Term
The 1999 American Jewish Yearbook estimated the Jewish American population at about _____ million.
 Definition
6
Term
The U.S. Congress passed the Hate Crime Statistics Act in:
 Definition
1990
Term
In 1968, the Jewish Defense League was organized in New York City by:
 Definition
Rabbi Meir Kahane
Term
In 2000, for the first time in major party history, the Democrats chose _____, a Jewish American, for their vice-presidential candidate.
 Definition
U.S. Senator Joseph Lieberman
Term
In 1989, the median income for all U.S. households was 28,906 dollars. In that same year, the estimated median annual income for all Jewish American households (families and individuals) was:
 Definition
39,000 dollars
Term
A Jewish American, Horace Kallen, argued that for most people, ethnic-cultural group membership is not easily abandoned and that ethnic groups have a right to exist on their own terms; that is, democracy should be fully applied to ethnic groups. By the 1920s, Kallen had given which name to this view?
 Definition
cultural pluralism
Term
In his book, The Vanishing American Jew, Alan Derschowitz has argued that:
 Definition
Judaism must be renewed through a reinvigorated system of Jewish education
Term
The _____ perspective recognizes the reality of cultural differences among contemporary ethnic groups and seems to fit the Jewish experience.
 Definition
ethnogenesis
Term
Sociologist Herbert Gans has argued that Jewish identity reflects:
 Definition
a "symbolic ethnicity"
Term
The 1924 Immigration Act encouraged eastern and southern European immigration.
 Definition
false
Term
The book The Protocols of the Elders of Zion is an illustration of vicious Anti-Semitism.
 Definition
true
Term
Recent surveys have found that non-Jewish Americans tend to seriously underestimate the Jewish American presence in the United States.
 Definition
false
Term
From their first arrival in the colonies, Jewish Americans were treated as outsiders to the political system.
 Definition
true
Term
An early Fortune magazine survey found that only 600 of the 93,000 banking officials in the United States were Jewish.
 Definition
true
Term
In recent decades, Jewish American executives have clearly controlled banking.
 Definition
false
Term
Severe discrimination against Jewish Americans declined after World War II, and since that time, the group's educational attainment has reached ever higher levels.
 Definition
true
Term
Partial cultural assimilation came relatively quickly for each of the three major streams of Jewish immigrants and their children.
 Definition
true
Term
Many scholars now stress that in U.S. society today, all Jews are "Jews by choice."
 Definition
true
Term
As Jewish social scientist Karen Brodkin has shown, few American Jews have worked hard to become accepted as "white."
 Definition
false
Term
Drawing on archival and interview data, sociologist Joane Nigel has suggested that one major reason for the large increase in the number of Native Americans reported in recent caucuses is:
 Definition
identity switching
Term
In a recent nationwide poll of registered voters, _____ percent of those responding believed that public schools do not teach enough about Native American history, and three-fourths thought that U.S. colleges and universities should provide more courses on Native Americans.
 Definition
57
Term
In 1887, the _____ Act provided that reservation lands be divided among individual families, even though the European tradition of private ownership and individual development of land was an alien value system for most Native Americans.
 Definition
Dawes
Term
Designed by the commissioner of Indian Affairs John Collier in 1934, the _____ Act was intended to establish Indian civil and cultural rights, allow for semiautonomous tribal governments similar in legal status to counties and municipalities, and foster economic development on reservations.
 Definition
Indian Reorganization
Term
In the 1950s, House Concurrent Resolution 108 called for _____ federal supervision of Indian groups.
 Definition
termination
Term
The text observes that in a few urban areas, Indian voting strength is great enough to function as a:
 Definition
swing vote
Term
In recent years, a number of Native American protest efforts have sought to free a Lakota/Ojibwa man who has been in a federal institution for the past two decades. This man is seen by many to be a political prisoner. His name is:
 Definition
Leonard Peltier
Term
The text points out that by the 1880s, Native American nations had lost millions of acres as whites proceeded westward; millions more acres were lost with the breakup of the remaining lands under the Dawes Act. This pattern of expansion relates to a concept known as _____: that the United States had a right to expand from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific, and would inevitably do so.
 Definition
manifest destiny
Term
As of mid-2000, there were 310 Native Americans gaming operations under 198 tribe-state government gaming compacts in how many states?
 Definition
28
Term
By 1990, _____ of Native Americans over the age of twenty-five were high school graduates.
 Definition
fewer than two-thirds
Term
According to the text, the early European myth about Native Americans - that of the "child of nature" or "noble savage" - was a mixture of appreciation and prejudice.
 Definition
true
Term
The Bureau of Indian Affairs defines who is an "Indian" by determining which tribes are officially acknowledged by the federal government.
 Definition
true
Term
Native Americans have had the right to vote in all states in elections outside reservations ever since the passage of the Dawes Act in 1887.
 Definition
false
Term
The text points out that images and mascots like the Cleveland baseball team's Chief Wahoo are "invented Indians."
 Definition
true
Term
According to the text, the notion that Native Americans are the oldest farmers in North America is a myth.
 Definition
false
Term
Native American reservations encompass about one-third of all low-sulfur coal, 6 percent of oil and gas reserves, and half of all known uranium reserves.
 Definition
true
Term
Before 1940, most Indian men were poor farmers or unskilled workers.
 Definition
true
Term
Second only to African Americans, Native Americans have the lowest median family income and the lowest per capita income of any racial or ethnic group in the United States.
 Definition
false
Term
As of the late 1990s, more than 134,000 Native Americans were enrolled in colleges nationwide.
 Definition
true
Term
Analysts like Robert Blauner cite Native Americans as a clear case of an externally colonized minority.
 Definition
true
Term
During the Atlantic slave trade, those enslaved were often chained in corrals called:
 Definition
barracoons
Term
According to the text's discussion, Hollywood movies like Gone With the Wind portray what kind of image of slavery?
 Definition
a magnolias-and-mint-julep mystique of contented, happy slaves
Term
Before the Civil War, _____ laws in the North enforced the segregation of ostensibly "free" African Americans in public transportation, hospitals, jails, schools, churches, and cemeteries.
 Definition
Jim Crow
Term
In 1994, Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray published their book, entitled _____, arguing for the discredited theory that there are genetically determined differences in intelligence between black Americans and white Americans.
 Definition
The Bell Curve
Term
Examining white views on social change, John McConahay has described what he calls "_____": the white view that black Americans have illegitimately challenged cherished white values and are making illegitimate demands for changes in racial relations.
 Definition
modern racism
Term
Which one of the following is NOT a white supremacy group?
 Definition
Students for Democratic Society
Term
In Cincinnati, Ohio, _____ percent of the city's population is African American.
 Definition
43
Term
In 1999, black families were _____ as likely as white families to live in poverty.
 Definition
4 times
Term
Which Supreme Court decision (1896) upheld racial segregation in Louisiana railroad cars and delivered a major blow by asserting the legality of "separate but equal" facilities for blacks?
 Definition
Plessy v. Ferguson
Term
Which 1954 Supreme Court decision forced the desegregation of the school systems involved in the case, and set in motion government action to desegregate all school systems?
 Definition
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
Term
During the slavery period, most white families owned enslaved African Americans.
 Definition
false
Term
In 1831, a self-taught, religious man named Nat Turner encouraged non-violent protest against slavery.
 Definition
false
Term
In 1900, nine black Americans in ten still lived in the South.
 Definition
true
Term
In 2000, there were only two black executives heading Fortune 500 companies and there were only five black chief executive officers in the next 500 largest firms.
 Definition
true
Term
For decades, the black unemployment rate and the white unemployment rate have been approximately equal.
 Definition
false
Term
The New Deal era (1933-1940) was the first period since Reconstruction in which the federal government gave attention to the needs of its black citizens.
 Definition
true
Term
During the Reconstruction period after the Civil War, black southerners gained their first access to schools, both those sponsored by the federal government, and by private organizations.
 Definition
true
Term
In 1974, in Milliken v. Bradley, the Supreme Court upheld a lower-court order requiring the integration the of the substantially black Detroit city school system with the surrounding white suburban school systems.
 Definition
false
Term
The text points out that racial tracking and other forms of racial discrimination persist within our public school systems.
 Definition
true
Term
The relatively recent Caribbean and African immigrants have a similar racial history in comparison with African Americans whose ancestors came to North America generations back and in chains.
 Definition
false
Term
Today, _____ percent of U.S. Latinos are Mexican Americans.
 Definition
58.5
Term
Mexican immigrants to the United States can be divided into several major categories. Which of the following is NOT one of these?
 Definition
wetbacks (illegal aliens)
Term
Which country has the largest Spanish-speaking population?
 Definition
Mexico
Term
Which of the following was NOT authorized by the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act?
 Definition
the termination of welfare for all immigrants
Term
Which of the following is NOT a "mocking" type of Spanish mentioned in your textbook?
 Definition
hasta luego
Term
In Los Angeles during the summer of 1943, violent attacks by white sailors on Mexican American youths, particularly those dressed in baggy attire, marked the beginning of what became known as the _____ riots.
 Definition
zoot suit
Term
Mexican Americans' unemployment rate for 2000 was _____ percent.
 Definition
5.9
Term
The text questions whether there is a Latino "_____," characterized by multigenerational poverty, high violent-crime rates, a school dropout problem, teenage pregnancy, and long-term drug use.
 Definition
underclass
Term
Between 1984 and 2000, the number of Latinos in state legislatures nationwide increased to:
 Definition
198
Term
During the 1960s, a new ideology of _____ developed in many circles, espousing a philosophy of anarchism and decolonization.
 Definition
Chicanismo
Term
Today Latinos are currently the fastest-growing racial-ethnic segment of the U.S. population.
 Definition
true
Term
The negative stereotypes held by non-Latino Americans have been strong enough to create staunch majority opposition to Mexican and other immigration to the United States.
 Definition
false
Term
Coercion was a fundamental factor in the establishment of white domination in the Southwest in the nineteenth century.
 Definition
true
Term
Mexicans were initially incorporated into the U.S. economy through peaceful immigration.
 Definition
false
Term
Language discrimination in the workplace involves treating someone unfairly because they speak a language that is not English, or because they speak a dialect of English that is not in favor.
 Definition
true
Term
Today, the United States has a service economy with relatively fewer industrial jobs.
 Definition
true
Term
In some areas, the gerrymandering of voting districts has continued to strengthen Mexican American voting and foster the election of Latino political candidates.
 Definition
false
Term
In Hernandez v. Texas (1954), the U.S. Supreme Court upheld an appeal of an all-white jury's conviction of a Mexican American defendant on the grounds that Mexican Americans were excluded from jury service.
 Definition
true
Term
In Mendez v. Westminster (1946), a federal court ruled that segregation of children in "Mexican" schools in California was consistent with the Fourteenth Amendment.
 Definition
false
Term
Power-conflict analysts focus on the extent to which Mexican Americans have not moved toward speedy incorporation into the dominant culture and its institutions because of external discrimination and oppression.
 Definition
true
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