Term
| Industrial Revolution (Europe 1700's) |
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Definition
-Technological and political factors: steam engine, abundant coal/energy, agricultural surplus, rise of merchant class - allowed for massive growht in manufacturing and emergence of dramatic social stratification based on wealth
-Reciprocal relationship w/ colonialism. Industralization and coloinalism played huge role in shaping the world we know today |
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Term
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Definition
Capital and Labor: Under capitalism, means of production controlled/owned by capitalists (bourgeoisie). Everyone else (proletariat/working class) has to sell their labor to earn income.
Saw fundamental conflict between capitalists interests (exact as much labor for as little pay, maximize profit, protect ownership of capital) and labor interests (maximize wages, control production.
replace capitalism with socialism/communism
Class consciousness: inherent contradictions in capitalism will lead workers to recognize their common interests. proletariat identity will trump other and lead to revolution. |
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Term
| Emergence of the World System |
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Definition
Eurpopean Colonialism: competition for resources and markets led to long-distance trading, exploitation, and resettlement of eurpoeans on other continents.
Biological effects: Horrific effects of old world diseases on american populations without resistance; exchange of crops and domesticated animals; dramatic decline in biodiversity. |
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Term
| Wallerstein's theory of the world system |
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Definition
three categories:
Core (dominant), semi-periphery (intermediate), and periphery (least privileged) |
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Term
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Definition
Dominant position: greatest capital ownership and wealth. center of the world. imports cheap labor, raw materials; exports policies, financial products, innovative research/tech
ex: US, britain, germany, singapore, japan |
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Term
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Definition
Intermediate position. possess industrial and financial sectors but still subservient to core nations.
imports raw materials, products from other semi-peripheral/core nations; exports raw materials to wealthier nations, industrial products to periphery, labor force to wealthier nations
ex) brazil, russia, south korea, mexico, spain |
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Term
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Definition
Least privileged nations - little industryor opp. for wealth accumulation.
imports: everything that isn't produced domestically; exports raw materials, labor force to wealthier nations
ex.) guatemala, thailand, Sudan, Nigeria |
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Term
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Definition
| The spread or advance of one culture at the expense of others, or its imposition on other societies, which it modifies, replaces, or destroys--usually because of differential economic or political influence. |
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Term
| Anthropologists in the imperial era |
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Definition
Emergence of world system made anthropology possible: ability to travel and interact with distant communities.
Anthropology offered useful tools for europeans and americans who sought to make sense of the human diversity
Earliest anthropological theories argued that eurpoeans were culturally/biologically superior--provided justification for colonialism |
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Term
| Evans-Pritchard & Radcliffe-Brown |
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Definition
Research centered on groups that became subjects of british empire
research was useful for colonial administrators-better understanding of native peoples provided better ways for controlling them
On the other hand, the anthropologists' goals were to show that the native peoples were not inferior but just operated differently in their own contexts. |
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Term
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Definition
Decline in imperialism after WW2; nation-states as sovereign; limited colonization today (except in indigenous lands)
greater interdependence than ever - global economies; smaller world |
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Term
| Role of Anthropology today |
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Definition
Observing effects of large-scale processes (colonialism/globalization) at local community level.
Studying change: how ppl adapt to new opp. and dangers.
Understanding/communicating knowledge about human diversity: "the purpose of anthro is to make world safe for human differences" - ruth benedict |
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Term
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Definition
Before colonialism: Mayas and lximulew
Spanish imperialism: political and cultural effects and consequences today
Industrial-era Guatemala and role of coffee and bananas
Guatemala today: the 99%, Maya resistance and americanization |
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Term
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Definition
| Desire enmeshes people in economic networks (guatemalan smallholders/bolivian peasants/japanese tuna brokers). Desire exists at both sites of production and consumption (benson and fischer). desire connects people in new and complex relationships of production/exchange (Bestor). Desire in one place linked to exploitation and social ills in other places (weatherford). |
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Term
| Pablo (benson and fischer) |
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Definition
Pablo: broccoli as export crop: requires surplus land, demand from abroad, market controlled by corporations and middle men. high risk/low returns
Relative wealth: Smallholders: family farms where small amnt of land owned by family and acts as primary unit of prod. smallholders with rel. large landholding are relatively wealthy and can grow for foreign market. feed family from milpa fields- achieve affluence through explort
Broccoli and desire: i grow broccoli because it fits my moral worldview (family production). I retain control over means of production and i am upwardly mobile. want to be part of global system |
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Term
| Desire (benson and fischer) |
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Definition
Desire: collective phenomenon shaped by interface of individual intentions/local worlds/global flows. an on-going future-oriented process. project that seeks to make and remake the world around certain values. How does local experience of modernity shape desire
Romanticizing desire: broccoli from mayan farmers fits globally conscoius consumer image. must be more organic than mega producers in US. supports smallholders trying to maintain their traditions. i eat broccoli because i want to be healthier and support traditional lifestyles |
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Term
| Susan (benson and fischer) |
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Definition
| Broccoli as health food: gorcery store "trains demands that inform broader agricultural market." ie what will be produced in guatemala. shoppers expectations are mediated by popular images about what healthy is. clean/a bargain. broccoli connected with health and well-being. directly transmitted positive images of broccoli to kids. |
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Term
| How Sushi went Global (bestor) |
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Definition
How did tuna become global commodity? Sushi started as strange foreign item in 70's to upscale fare in the 90's. connections to socioeconomic class and worldliness
Globalization: tuna connects europe, asia, north america, in complex business and cultural exchanges
points to ponder: globalization doesnt have to mean westernization.sushi is an example of acculturation of japanese culture into ours |
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Term
| Cocaine and economic deterioration of bolivia (weatherford) |
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Definition
world systems perspective: demands of world market have eroded local subsitence economies for centuries. how has cocaine contributed? consumption in US affects peasants in bolivia
impacts of cash cropping: rural villages depleted of work force. families and traditional cultural patterns disintegrate. ppl can no longer afford local products that become valued in west (coca leaves).
health impacts: workers become permanently disabled by chemicals which cause loss of limbs and loss of mind. spread of STI's through producer-sponsored prostitution
Nutrition: more land used for coca than food. impoverishment drains labor from rural farming areas
economic impacts: rural poverty gets worse. especially as young become disabeled. economic disparities increase |
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Term
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Definition
| any group into which humans can be divided according to physical characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of people distinguished by cultural similarities shared among members of the group and difference between that group and others; ethnic group members share beliefs, values, habits, customs, and norms and language religion history and geography |
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Term
| Linking Race and Behavior (Smedley) |
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Definition
| imperialism and colonialism brought europeans into contact with disparate people. scientific/evolutionary attempts to explain human differences. discrete racial categories became a new concept |
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Term
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Definition
| made one of the first attempts to classify human species. fice sub-species of humans based on temperament, dress, and culture |
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Term
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Definition
| important method in physical anthropology. measurement of human body to understand human physical variation. early application: identify those with criminal proclivities based on body measurements |
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Term
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Definition
| groups could be formed according to anthropometric measures of cranium but those groups make no logical sense!! |
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Term
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Definition
| boas compared children of immigrants craniums with parents craniums. significant changes: cranial shape and brain size are not merely inherited but shaped by numerous factors. major challenge to notion that biological race is a meaningful scientific category |
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Term
| Racial Odyssey (rensberger) |
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Definition
| Humans have many diff. evolutionary success attributable to genetic variability. some racial traits reflect evolutionary adaptations to diff environments. which traits are adv. in particular environments? Cold: short/stocky. Hot: tall/thin. advantageous traits passed on because more with that trait survive to reproduce |
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Term
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Definition
ultra violet radiation harms and benefits:
harm: disrupts cell division/causes cancer
benefit: aids vitamin D synthesis.
melanin blocks UV radiation. block too much = no vitamin D. block too little = disrupts cell division
hybrid vigor: key to evolutionary success: skin color is not unique to a single group, how can it be a marker of distinct races? nobody has discovered a reliable way to distinguish one race from another because there's no such thing as a homogenous race. |
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Term
| consensus of scientific community on "race" |
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Definition
| dividing ppl into discrete types isn't natural. these groups don't exist in nature. recognition that human variation is clinal (variations don't have boundaries) |
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Term
| Social construction of race |
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Definition
| social construct: category created and developed by society and a perception of a group that is constructed through cultural or social practice. race is a social construct |
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Term
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Definition
| principle that a child of mixed descent is automatically classified as a minority |
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Term
| What is basis for racial categories? Genotype? |
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Definition
| fundamental constitution of an organism in terms of its hereditary factors. phenotype? manifest characteristics of an organism collectively, including anatomical and physiological traits, that result from both its heredity and environment |
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Term
| Social construction of race |
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Definition
| races defined in culturally arbitrary rather than scientific manner. why do we use skin color? if primary basis of race is biological, then why do our ideas of race change through time? why do ideas about race vary across cultures? why doesnt persception of race change when phenotypes are changed? |
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Term
| Racial Categories and US Census |
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Definition
Does US census reify racial categories? (reify = make something more concrete/real). Does process of categorizing US citizens by racial categories add legitness to those categories?
--Just cuz there's no scientific validity to taxonomy of ppl grouped as races doesn't mean race isn't important. race as social construct influences how we view ppl and is used as a basis for social stratification |
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Term
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Definition
| Ranking of individuals n groups in any given society. inequality patterned in such a way that one group tends to have higher status than others. ideologies behind social stratification tend to be transmitted cross generationally |
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Term
| Race and Social Stratification (smedley) |
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Definition
1.) races are biologically discrete groups: certain physical characteristics deemed markers of race.
2.) races are naturally unequal and must be ranked
3.) distinct cultural behaviors linked to biology
4.) physical features/behaviors are innate and inherited
5.) Differences between races profound and unalterable
6.) racial classifications stipulated in legal/social system
"the idea of race and its persistence as a social category is given meaning in social order strucutred by forms of inequality (economic/cultural) that are formed by race. |
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Term
| Caricatures & Consequences |
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Definition
| portrayal of native americans denies historical injustices: they are savages, we brought them to civilization. portrayal of jews complicit in genocide: they are parasites, we need to kill them |
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Term
| African-American Caricatures |
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Definition
| lazy uncultured stupid; natural propensity for violence/crime; hyper-sexual and promiscuous, portrayal of african americans historically complicit in maintaining power/privilege. they are inferior; we need to control them |
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Term
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Definition
| categorization used expressly to advance scientific racial theories. inclusion of mulatto category for the purpose of using census to study race. census used to 'prove' blacks and mulattos are less fertile and live shorter lives and therefore are biologically inferior |
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Term
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Definition
| measuring heads to describe racial differences. determining racial categories based on skin color is useless. yet attempts continue to measure intelligence (through IQ) and mapping results on racial categories |
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Term
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Definition
| from greek meaning 'of good stock.' study and practice of selectively breeding in order to improve quality of human race |
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Term
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Definition
| Influenced by Darwin's theory. reasoned that by protecting the weak, humans are acting against natural selection. if less intelligent people have more kids than more intelligent people, we revert to mediocrity. |
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Term
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Definition
| IQ tets developed in early 1900's--first scentific tests to determine intelligence. Eugenics became promiment and forced sterilization practiced against those deemed unfit to breed. low IQ or black peepz |
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Term
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Definition
| established in 1937 to advanced scientific study of heredity and human differences. founders had strong connections to eugenics and segregation movements. advocate research on 'racial betterment'. mission to aid 'parents of unusual value as citizens--defined as parents whose children are deemed to be descended predominantly from white people who settled on original 13 states prior to constitution. note: white persons changed to 'persons' in 1985--modernizing their racism |
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Term
| Rushton's Racial categories |
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Definition
| orientals (east asians, mongaloids), whites (europeans, caucasoids), and blacks (africans, negroids.) |
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Term
| Biological basis of Behavior |
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Definition
| Rushton claims to ID 60' social/behavioral variables that distinguish racial groups. argues that these are innate and genetically determined variables |
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Term
| Bell Curve phenomenon (cohen) |
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Definition
Hernstein and Murray claim intelligence is trans-cultural and can be measured. IQ test as reliable measurement - intelligence genetically determined. "Races" differ in intelligence. IQ is cause of poverty not a consequence
Key assumption: there exists a single general measure of mental ability. IQ tests are that measure because they're not culturally biased (WRONG ASSUMPTION)
What's at stake: if we believe IQ test is reliable measure of innate intelligence and if there is strong correlation between IQ and race, then socioeconomic stratification looks like natural outcome rather than social |
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Term
| Race and Intelligence - standardized tests |
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Definition
| ppl who design standardized tests fail to see how their questions are culturally biased. IQ tests measure cultural literacy as much as intelligence therefore not reliable measurement of innate intelligence. futile to distinguish discrete racial groups based on bio differences. mapping unreliable tests onto meaningless categories - bad science |
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Term
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Definition
Death rates show same pattern of racial differences. blacks have more disease and higher rate of death at every age. orientals with lowest rates. outlive whites by 2 years, blacks outlived by 2 years by whites.
Racial diff in personality and obeying rules also show up in divorce rates, out of wedlock births, child abuse, and delinquency
genetics->personality->follow rules?->divorce->illegitimacy->etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| measurement of life expectancy at birth. avg life expectancy heavily influenced by infant mortality. infant mortality related to socio-economic status. blacks in US have higher infant mortality than whites thus have shorter life expectancy. health care opportunities not genetics! |
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Term
| interpretations and consequences of life-span/race data |
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Definition
| low IQ and other inherited traits are why blacks are poor, criminal, high illegitimacy etc..... OR legacy of racism and discrimination explain these trends |
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Term
| Does discrimination still exist (smedley) |
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Definition
individual level = easy to identify
institutional leve = subtle, hard to prove causality, access to housing, capital, employment |
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Term
| Racial profiling (john baugh) - wash u faculty AFAS |
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Definition
| Profiling: visual - based on visual cues. linguistic - based on auditory cues. |
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Term
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Definition
| linguistic patterns (phonetics, grammar, vocab) vary by ethnic group. people judge intelligence and other characteristics based on linguistic patterns. people treat others according to judgements made on basis of linguistic patterns |
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Term
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Definition
| race as social construct informs our actions and behaviors. we continue to classify ppl according to physical characteristics and assume those correspond with social cultural and psychological characteristics - consciously or subconsciously, we treat or interact with ppl dissimilar differently. |
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Term
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Definition
| ethnic group members share belifs, values, habits, customs, and norms because of their common background. distinctions from other groups based on language, religion, historical experience, and geographic placement. markers of ethnic group include collective name, belief in common descent, and association with specific territory. |
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Term
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Definition
| independent, centrally organized political unit or gov't. relatively modern phenomenon. political boundaries do not correlate with ethnic boundaries. most nations are therefore ethnically diverse. |
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Term
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Definition
nationalism stresses solidarity regardless of socio-economic status, rural-urban, regional or ethnic distinctions. nationalism often instilled through national school system. pay homage to nation. learn
Learn "lingua franca" (linguistic uniformity) |
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Term
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Definition
| ethnic groups that once had or wish to have or regain autonomous political status. not all ethnic groups are nationalities (some have autonomous political status). nationalities live within nation states. leaders of nation states often consider nationalities to be threats to national unity. |
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Term
Myth of Global Ethnic Conflict (john bowen)
Problematic assumptions |
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Definition
| ethnic identity is ancient and unchanging (primordialist view) ethnic identities motivate people to kill and persecute others. ethnic diversity inevitably leads to inter-ethnic violence. |
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Term
Myth of Global Ethnic Conflict (john bowen)
Ethnic Conflict = Ethnic hatred? |
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Definition
| Implies that violence is natural characteristic of some ethnic groups; ignores that violence is consequence of political processes and actions too |
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Term
Myth of Global Ethnic Conflict (john bowen)
How do ethnic groups form? Constructivist View |
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Definition
| Pre-colonial: ethnic/tribal identity rarely important in everyday life. identity related to birthplace, lineage, wealth status. identity is fluid: could change through social and spatial mobility within lifetime. colonial powers and post-colonial states formed more rigid "ethnic identities" |
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Term
Myth of Global Ethnic Conflict (john bowen)
Tutsis and Hutus of Rwanda |
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Definition
Precolonial era: spoke same language, practiced same religion, frequently intermarried. fluid categories (hutu could become tutsi and visa versa).
colonial era: belgian colonialists created racial distinction (tutsis taller, smarter, wealthier). identity solidified through census/identity cards. tutsis privileged for indirect rule.
post colonial independence: struggle for power. role of leaders in demonizing the other. identity basis of who to kill(1994). Colonial discrimination reified hutu identity and created Hutu cause. |
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Term
Myth of Global Ethnic Conflict (john bowen)
Tamils and Sinhalese of Sri Lanka (Ceylon) |
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Definition
different religion (hindu/buddhist), different language/culture yet coexisted for centuries. in order to rule, british colonialists "relied on hardened and artificial notion of ethnic boundaries" and created new social groups and identified them by ethnic religious or regional categories
post-colonial independence: colonial admins created strong notions of tamil/sinhalese identities; created tamil cause by establishing system that discriminated against them. tamils responded by forming liberation tigers of Tamil Eelam in '76. war for separate stage raged through '09 |
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Term
Myth of Global Ethnic Conflict (john bowen)
Why ethnic conflicts? |
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Definition
| ethnic groups form in response to colonial and post-colonial policies that create shared interests: political autonomy, access to education/jobs, control over local resources. conflicts not caused by ancient ethnic or tribal loyalties. conflicts are about asserting group identity to counter dominance and marginalization. |
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Term
Myth of Global Ethnic Conflict (john bowen)
Top-Drive Ethnic Conflicts |
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Definition
Ethnicity used by leaders to mobilize people.
step1: instill sense of ethnic hatred through propaganda. create mythologies of difference.
step2: encourage/coerce ppl to participate in persecution |
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Term
Myth of Global Ethnic Conflict (john bowen)
Does ethnic diversity inevitably lead to ethnic conflict? |
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Definition
| countries where one ethnic group controls and dominates others are more prone to violence (sri lanka, rwanda). Countries where power is dispersed among ethnic groups are less prone to violence (malaysia, indonesia) |
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Term
Myth of Global Ethnic Conflict (john bowen)
ethnic conflicts |
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Definition
| often stem from colonial legacy of creating rigid ethnic categories and privileging some groups over others. are rooted in political choices to dominate other groups rather than cooperate with them. are driven from the top by leaders who negatively stereotype other groups in order to monopolize power and resources |
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Term
| Playing Indian at Halftime (Pewewardy) |
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Definition
Mascots are good: honor native cultures, embody school traditions, intensify pleasure of sports
mascots are bad: promote stereotypes, revive historical oppression, cause pain to native-americans
stereotypical images relegate american indian people to a colonial representation of history. getting rid of logos/mascots/nicknames in schools rpresents an issue of decolonization and educational equity |
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Term
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Definition
| hollywood produced stereotypical images: dress, and behavior (scalping, tomohawk chop, dancing, war-whooping, drum beating) hollywood images were morphed into mascots. perpetuate stereotypes among non-indians. impact self-esteem. |
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Term
| As a cultural relativist... |
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Definition
One must strive to understand why indian mascots are an important symbol of a school's heritage (perspective of many students/alumni). one must strive to understand why indian mascots are an offensive symbol of forced assimilation, ethnocide, and cultural appropriation
if people you claim to be honoring are offended by the way you portray them? SHIT IS PROBLEMATIC YO |
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Term
| Environmental anthropology |
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Definition
| the use of anthropology's methods and theories to contribute to the understanding of local or global environmental probs |
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Term
| Julian Steward's Cultural Ecology |
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Definition
| Concern with grand theories (rejected since boas). economic and social organization results from using specific tech to exploit particular environment. emphasizes importance of natural environment in shaping core features of culture, including tech and economics |
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Term
| Steward's approach to cultural ecology |
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Definition
study the organization of subsistence production, including division of labor, organization and timing of work. study how economic behavior and social organization are shaped by and adapted to specific ecological conditions.
Subsistence strategy -> social and economic organization -> kinship system religious ideology etc |
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Term
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Definition
| socially fragmenting effect of cultural ecology. family level of sociocultural integration due to pursuit of highly dispersed food source. first come first served rights to resources. cooperation and leadership emerge only in limited contexts (communal hunts) |
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Term
| reviving evolution (post boas) |
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Definition
general evolution: increase in scale and complexity
specific evolution: multilinear (each society takes unique course) rather than unilinear. came to be called "cultural adaptation". still used today. focus on process rather than outcome of evolution |
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Term
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Definition
| from nuclear family to band. shoshone predatory bands rise in response to white encroachment. from band to nuclear family: trappers and tappers. |
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Term
| Fredrik Barth's Plural Society |
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Definition
niche concept: the place fo a group in the total environment, its relations to resources and competitors. different ethnic groups can fill specialized economic roles within the same ecosystem. groups remain separate yet inter-dependent.
Observations: distribution of ethnic groups related to ecological niches that each group is able to exploit. diff ethnic groups can exist in stable co-residence if they exploit dif ecological niches and establish symbiotic economic relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| multi-cropping (producing more than two crops a year) essential to support social organization. surplus required for specialization. occupational groups exchange services for food. surplus required for organizing men's houses with potlatches to attract followers. niche limited to relatively low lying areas where multi cropping is possible. |
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Term
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Definition
| driven from lower valley by pathans. single annual crop plus transhumance. exploit both agricultural land and higland pastures |
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Term
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Definition
| transhumance in symbiotic relationship with pathans. use pathans' crop residues to feed animals. herd pathans' animals since pathans consider herding a job for low status individuals |
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Term
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Definition
study of knowledge and beliefs about nature that are held in particular culture
often involves study of semantic domains (focal vocabularies). methodologies include focus on taxonomies (Ways people name/classify plants animals medicinal substances soils etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| indigenous study of plants |
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Term
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Definition
| indigenous knowledge of animals. |
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Term
| importance of ethnoecology |
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Definition
| traditional environmental knowledge is a body of knowledge that is extensive observationally grounded, and complementary to scientific knowledge. but how do you take such knowledge into acc when addressing contemporary issues? |
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Term
| Harold conklin: an ethnoecological approach to shifting cultivation (slash/burn) |
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Definition
| context: development in philippines, denigration of swidden agriculture. reversing equation: problem IS NOT swidden cultivators' lack of knowledge about the environment. problem IS our lack of knowledge of swidden cultivators |
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Term
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Definition
| empirical research revealed detailed nuanced environmental knowledge. documented botanical knowledge. local knowledge of plants exceeds scientists' taxonomic knowledge. documented soil knowledge: 10 basic and 30 derivative soil categories: plus familiarity with which crops grow best in different soil types |
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Term
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Definition
myth: swidden famring is haphazard procedure involving an almost negligible minimum of labor. it is basically simple and uncomplicated
reality: swidden farming follows a locally determined, well-defined pattern and requires constant attention throughout most of the year. hard physical labor is involved but a large labor force is not required
myth: usually and preferably swiddens are cleared in virgin forest (Rather than areas of secondary growth). tremendous loss of valuable timber
reality: when possible, swidden making in second-growth forest areas rather than primary forests is usually preferred |
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Term
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Definition
| key issue: do indigenous people's effectively manage resources at a sustainable level? or do they try to maximize yields w/o regard for long-term consequences? |
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Term
| Optimal foraging model of amazonian hunters |
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Definition
| cost-benefit model to explain behavior. predicts that predators will hunt species that provide best short term return for their effort regardless of cultural preferences or long-term effects. but such a perspetive cannot provide nuanced understanding of how people exploit a particular environment |
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Term
| foraging horticulturalists (raymond hames) |
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Definition
| how do demography, geography, and environment interact to influence a group's subsistence strategy? how do the yanomamo organize production? |
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Term
| Why fewer gardens in lowlands? |
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Definition
land fertility (soil or climatic diff)? less need for gardens in lowland (foraging and hunting resources more abundant)? subsistence crops and labor allocation?
highland manioc more work but more reliable.
lowland plantains less work less reliable. insecurity offset by foraging abundance. |
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Term
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Definition
| study of how much time is spent on certain activities. became important in ecological anthro during 60's and 70's. specific data on gendered division of labor. better understanding of how much time it takes to make a living under diverse conditions. costs of intensification (who REALLY has free time - see sahlins' original affluent society.) |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of interactions within a community of species including humans and the biophysical environment. goal is to map flows of info, energy, and matter. what factors contribute to maintaining homeostasis. what factors contribute to transforming the system? |
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Term
| Roy Rappaport's pigs for the ancestors |
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Definition
tracking flows of energy through the system. isolated, closed feedback system in equilibrium. self-regulating sustainable.
systemic integration: human-environment equilibrium reestablished by slaughtering pigs (ecological dimension). temporary cessation of warfare for feasting and exchange (social dimension). all coordinated through ritual activities (religious dimension) |
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Term
| Rappaport's lasting contribution |
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Definition
ritual actions do not produce a practical result on the external world - that is one of the reasons we call them rituals.
ritual is neither more nor less than part of the behavioral repetoire employed by an aggregate of organisms in adjusting to its environment
rituals have measurable material effects on ecosystems. they can regulate domestic animal populations, frequency of warfare, ratio of land to people, distr. of food, etc |
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Term
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Definition
not most efficient means to distribute animal protein (nutrition perspective). closed system is unrealistic assumption (geographic perspective). homeostasis assumption problematic due to short time frame (historical perspective).
response: movement away from studying systems in equilibrium to systems in flux |
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Term
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Definition
| early environmental anthropology focused on isolated communities (rappaport). increasing recognition of interdependence through markets, resource sharing, state interventions, etc. local communities need to be analyzed in relation to larger systems. |
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Term
| Stephen lansing (balinese Agriculture) |
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Definition
| like rappaport, recognition that rituals can have regulatory fxns. focus on how a resource (water) is regulated. analysis of how multiple actors coordinate activities in mutually beneficial ways |
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Term
| A complex adaptive system |
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Definition
| network of interacting agents (farmers). each agent (farmer) seeks to maximize something (crops). aggregate behavior of the network can be described without detailed knowledge of individual agents. |
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Term
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Definition
| development workers and policy makers failed to appreciate indigenous system. green revolution (top-down approach) increased crop yield but only temporarily: required massive pesticide input, rise in crop-eating petsts. |
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Term
| Making the system visible |
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Definition
| indigenous knowledge of local conditions accumulated over centuries. hydrological system mirrored by temple system (cultural and ecological symbiosis). ritual regulation of a critical resource (water). global optimum: every farmer able to maximize yields |
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Term
| Political ecology (eric wolf) |
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Definition
| relationships between humans and their environment cannot be understood without considering inequalities of power and wealth produced by the global economy. most widely used approach in environmental anthropology since the 90's |
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Term
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Definition
| one of world's largest open pit ccopper mines. joint effort: international corporations and PNG government. lifespan: 80's to 2025 |
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Term
| Immediate local impacts of ok tedi mine |
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Definition
| economic benefits: land lease, employment, skills, infrastructure development. social detriments: dietary changes, drinking and fighting, prostitution, sexually transmitted infections |
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Term
| Downstream impacts of ok tedi mine |
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Definition
| chemical pollutants destroy fish and wildlife (ok tedi becomes biologically 'dead' river). chemical pollutants cause health problems. mine tailings and excess sedimentation overflows banks, destroys forests. |
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Term
| Political ecology of ok tedi mine |
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Definition
| how do inequalities of power and wealth treaten the sovereignty and livelyhoods of indigenous people? why are international companies allowed to engage in harmful practices in PNG that are strictly prohibited in other countries? |
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Term
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Definition
| terms used to describe research on connection between religious beliefs/practices and the environment. |
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Term
| natural environmentalists? |
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Definition
| indigenous peoples often have beliefs and practices and cultural mechanisms that help to protect environment. what are some of those? how are they used in modern environmental movements? what happens when indigenous agendas clash with state or corporate agendas (aka capitalism lulz) |
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Term
| Shielding the mountains (emily yeh and kunga lama) |
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Definition
| Tibetan and buddhist concepts: physical and cultural realms inter-connected. connection between environmental health and individual well-being. western approach: designate certain areas for protection. tibetan perspectives: all places worthy of protection |
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Term
| Shielding the mountains - concept |
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Definition
| indigenous concept promoted by buddhist clerics for centuries. restrictions on cutting trees (protecting forests). restrictions on digging up land (mining). hunting prohibitions (protecting wildlife). showing reverence to spirits associated with mountains, streams, and springs (water as essential resource) |
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Term
| The container (environment) and its contents (living beings)( |
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Definition
| ensuring harmony between environment and life forms it supports. |
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Term
| indigenous knowledge and the state |
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Definition
| political ecology: the state controls access to resources (forests, mining). big $$$ and power connected to resources. indigenous knowledge devalued as "religious activity" (politically charged in china). locals have little power to limit environmental destruction ("injuring of the land") except through environmental activism. |
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Term
| Tensions between tibetans and china regarding environment |
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Definition
| tibetans draw on indigenous concepts and culture to promote environmental protection. tibetans are a nationality who are often at odds with the state. the state can view environmental activism as ethnic activism (splitting of the motherland). |
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Term
| Population and Environment: IPAT |
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Definition
Impact = population x affluence x technology
the impact of any human group on the environment is the product of three factors: the number of people (population), a measure of average person's consumption of resources (more affluence = more consumption), and the environmental disruptiveness of the technologies that produce the goods consumped |
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Term
| Political Ecology according to William Durham |
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Definition
| IPAT is too simplistic. need to account for structural causes of environmental destruction. the impact of human populations upon environments is mediated by cultural and political ecnomic forces that do not act as simple multipliers and multiplicands. |
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Term
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Definition
| brought long-term demographic processes into the equation. use of demographic and AND ethnographic methods. focus on population regulation |
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Term
| Anthropological demography (townsend) |
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Definition
While an ethnographer's census can be highly accurate, the small size of the population studied usually rules out using the statistical methods developed and used by demographers.
anthropologists leave the highly quantitative demographic research to be done by the demographers working for the national population census with their large-scale survey methods. |
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Term
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Definition
| sama and lho: same language, religion, culture, subsistence. people related through intermarriage. separated by two-hour walking distance |
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Term
| Family system of Sama and Lho |
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Definition
Sama: parents designate a daughter to be a nun so she can be a caretaker in old age
Lho: son and his wife act as primary caretakers for the elderly |
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Term
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Definition
total fertility rate:
sama: 5.3/woman
lho: 7/woman
(due to the # of sama women who are nuns)
Sama have half the annual growth rate of Lho and therefore twice the doubling time. if nuns married, these numbers would be almost identical |
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Term
| Population and resources for Sama and Lho |
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Definition
| Fertility higher in Lho than Sama. higher fertility attributable to difference in family system (as manifest in freq. of female religious celibacy). conflict over resources (shala) related to differential rates of population growth |
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Term
| Anthropological demography of sama and Lho |
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Definition
some antrhopologists are trained in and regularly use demogrpahic methods. some statistical analysis is possible on small-scale populations (500 to 2,500 people). large data sets (the natino) mask regional variation.
nepal's TFR - 3.2 births per woman. however, the sama and lho obviously have much higher rates than that shit. |
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Term
| Final Summation about environmental anthropology |
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Definition
Environmental anthropology is an important part of cultural anthropology. problem-oriented research, social scientific approach to research.
collaboration across disciplines (biologists, ecologists, economists, and demographers).
Potential to contribute important insights about human-environmental interactions. |
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Term
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Definition
| applies the tools of anthropology (holistic approach, participant observation, focus on culture) to study human illness, suffering, disease, and well-being. why do certain diseases and health conditions affect particular populations? how is illness socially constructed, diagnosed, managed, and treated in different societies |
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Term
| Basic approaches of medical anthro |
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Definition
| biological, ecological, ethnomedical, experiential, critical, applied, anthropology of biomedicine |
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Term
| Cultural adaptations to endemic malaria (brown) |
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Definition
Ecological approach.
Cultural ecology: how do cultural beliefs and practices shape human behaviors? (sexuality, residence patterns) that then alter the ecological relationship between host and pathogen? |
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Term
| Adaptation (as used by Brown) |
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Definition
Adaptation:L fundamental process of evolution in which particular traits are selected in a given environment because they increase an organism's chances for survival and reproduction.
cultural adaptation: culture traits or social institutions which function to increase chances of survival for a society in a particular ecological context |
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Term
| Geographic distribution fo malaria |
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Definition
less pervalent in highlands (cooler temps, and less standing water disrupt breeding cycle)
more prevalent in rural areas (sylvatic nature of the sardinian malaria vector") |
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Term
| Social distribution fo malaria |
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Definition
| who is most at risk of exposure to malaria? why? |
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Term
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Definition
relationship between humans and their environment. landscape variations (altitude) influence economic practices (Transhumance).
Inverse Transhumance Permament settlements in highland; temporary grazing grounds in lowland. nucleated settlement pattern (HHs concentrated rather than being dispersed). settlements on higher, drier, ground. mosquitoes in/around agricultural land where there is standing water. more work loads; less risk of infection |
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Term
| Social organization (malaria) |
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Definition
| men occupy the public domain (jobs, agricultural labor, politics) women confined to nucleated settlements and domestic domain. as a result, women are less exposed to mosquitoes. landowning class did not engage in agricultural labor (stay in nucleated settlements = less exposure to malaria). segments of aristocracy relocated to rural areas during height of malaria season when infection rates are higher in urban areas. farm workers exposed (nearby wetlands at dusk and dawn), but not aristocracy |
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Term
| Insights of Brown's Research on Malaria |
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Definition
unit of analysis = population (contrast with lockhart's life story of a street boy).
evidence that settlement pattern and social organizatoin reduced risk of infection for some (women, aristocracy). inverse transhumance and social organization reduced risk of infection for some (Shepherds) |
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Term
| experiential approach to medical anthro |
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Definition
| how do people experience illness? how do they express their experiences? focus on stories peopl tell about illness. the way people feel, perceive, and live with illness. the way people make sense of illness. |
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Term
| Theoretical perspectives on Lockhart's |
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Definition
Concept of violence broadened to include structural forces and social oppression that impact on health, human rights, and dignity.
Structural violence (Farmer): institutionalized inequalities that deny marginalized individuals access to critical resources for their health and well-being.
Everyday violence (scheper-hughes): routinized experiences of violence in individual's life |
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Term
| Historical context of Lockhart's |
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Definition
colonial emphasis on cotton production. cash crops for export. post-colonial economic mismanagement, stagnation, and decline. structural adjustment policies. reducing subsidies and opening up market forces as condition for IMF loans.
Result: rural farmers on the brink of existence |
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Term
| Political Economy in Lockhart's |
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Definition
| broad social forces contributed to the impoverishment of juma's family. constraints on making a living for rural migrants to the city made family socially and economically vulnerable. |
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Term
| Structural violence in lockhart's |
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Definition
| widows easily disposessed of land despite laws permitting them to inherit. rural migrants lack skills and connections to make a living. mother relies on "survival sex" to make ends meet (contracts HIV). poverty and deaht o f mother forces Juma to the streets. :( |
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Term
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Definition
| street children enact violence on regular basis. membership in group (nyenga dog) is necessary for survival. being raped = membership initiation. raping - means to display and maintain hierarchy. fighting to protect territory and economic assets. being beaten by vigilantes and the police is a reality of street life. |
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Term
| Key insight's of lockhart's research |
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Definition
| by focusing on individual's experiences, the author can analyze how structural and everyday violence shapes people's lives. the interplay between political economic forces and individual agency, the environment of risk that shapes people's perceptions of certain illnesses (HIV) |
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Term
Rethinking the biological clock (friese et al).
Anthropology of biomedicine |
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Definition
| critical approach to study of biomedicine. understanding biomedicine as a system of ethno-medicine that involves issues of power, gender, etc. studying processes of knowledge creation. how does knowledge acquire status of fact rather than belief? emphasis on biotechnologies |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which human experiences are redefined as medical problems. infertility formerly seen as social problem, but with increasing demand for treatment and growth of industry, it's been redefined as a medical problem that has a cure |
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Term
| different experience/different narrative |
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Definition
Eleventh-hour moms: conceive using donated eggs. bio-clock narrative shifts from "menopause" to "old eggs"
miracle moms: conceive with own eggs when age defines them as non-reproductive |
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Term
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Definition
| diminishing quantity and quality of ova. biomedical concept that breaks connection between reproductive capacity and menstration. in other words, reproductive capacity ends PRIOR TO menopause |
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Term
| Rethinking the biological clock conclusions |
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Definition
| new reproductive technologies influence how we view the life course. menopause no longer marks transition from reproductive to post-reproductive. medical discourse on eggs truncates reproductive years (ends prior to menopause). new reproductive technologies extend reproductive years (can reproduce after menopause). |
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Term
| Common misconception about tibetan culture |
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Definition
buddhism = tibetan culture. buddhism is intertwined with every aspect of life; tibetans act in strict accordance with the principles of their religion.
however, it does not mean that every tibetan acts according to those beliefs. the culture is more complex than that.
culture influences but does not determine the thoughts and behaviors of individuals. there is no substitute for first-hand fieldwork (participant observation) for gaining an understanding of people's motivations and behaviors in another cultural context. |
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Term
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Definition
| To reject the simplistic equation that buddhism = tibetan culture. challenge the assumption that culture (buddhist principles) determine thoughts and actions of tibetans. focus on life course to explore what happens when individual aspirations clash with cultural ideals and social expectations |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of Hindu kingdom from late 1700's. monarchy recently transformed into constitutional democracy. roughly 30mil people representing 50+ distinct ethnic groups. one of the porest nations on earth |
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Term
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Definition
| Economy based on farming, herding, and trade. heterodox religious traditions (buddhism, but also hamanism and animal sacrifice). ethnic mixing of ghale (Gurung) and tibetan. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ethnic mixing of tibetan and Ghale (gurung). western tibetan dialect. economy based on farming herding and trade. buddhist. nyingmapa affiliation. celibacy not required. |
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Term
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Definition
place of solitude: place far away from villages or towns
monastery (residence for monks and nuns)
Village temple for communal rituals |
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Term
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Definition
collected through:
oral sources: stories connected with key figures. stories conected with landscape.
written sources: tibetan histories of neighboring kingdoms. monastary/temple charters. colophons to religious texts. lineage documents, administrative documents |
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Term
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Definition
| "possessing power". "lord, king, soveireign", one who exercises control over land, people, and wealth |
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Term
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Definition
| Yonden Puntsok settles in Sama (1640's). sticks ritual dagger in ground at winter pasture, creates an ever-flowing spring. henceforth his descendants are incumbents of Pema Choling Gomba. |
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Term
| Nubri Incorporation within Nepal |
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Definition
| Prithvi Narayan Shah's conquests create kingdom of nepal 1769. 1850's war with tibet results in borders fixed at himalayan passes. henceforth, mirig bopa; miser nepali (tibetan ethnicity; subjects of Nepal). |
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Term
| Marginalization of Nubri in a Hindu Kingdom |
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Definition
| Social stratification based on caste hierarchy (ascribed status with brahmins at top). non-hindus (aka tibetans) = low status because they eat cows (sacred in hindu worldview), drink alcohol, and aren't very hygienic. bhotays (tibetans) = enslaved alcohol drinkers |
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Term
| Social Stratification in Sama |
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Definition
| Principle of Patrilineal descent. key term: gyupa. descent group traced through patrilineage. |
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Term
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Definition
Ngadag: possessing power: descendents of tibetan emperors
Ponzang: good rulers, ghale, high status gurungs from barpak
Yorkung: irrigators, commoners from tibet
Chumin: low and inferior/lacking cattle. lower status commoners from tibet
blacksmiths the lowest status |
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Term
| Combining Research Methods to study Nubri |
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Definition
Structured interview (demographic survey): quantifying demographic processes (birth and death rates).
participant observation: first-hand witness to demographic events (births, deaths) as they unfold; understanding how people diagnose and deal with disease
In-depth interviews: cultural perspectives on what demographic events mean in eyes of actors themselves
Genealogical Method: reveals importance of shiri Ngadag lineage: helps explain social importance of ill son
Archival research: studying the ritual text provides insights into local conceptions of illness and healing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Father from Bi, mother from Kyirong. Mother's clan is prestigious but what about father's clan and family? Father moves family back to Bi. Alien land and people. lack of status and resources leads to childhood of suffering |
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Term
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Definition
| Illegitimate child. no field or animals (work for food). no inheritance (can't get married). destined for a life of hardship. personality and work-ethic (agency) mitigate his circumstances |
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Term
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Definition
| Second son of sama's head lama. inherent status (lama lineage). mother died shortly after his birth. communal responsibility to raise him. template from the past (story of ambiguity surrounding true identity of Tri Songdetsen's mother) |
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Term
| Adolescent Discord; Pema Dondrup Renounces his Inheritance |
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Definition
| Worldly householder's life contradicts his religious inclinations. Personal ambition (to become a celibate reclusive lama) clashed with family expectations (to become worldly house holder). Runs away to Tibet |
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Term
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Definition
| Born in '29, youngest of three sons. became celibate monk at Dagkar Taso. Became primary disciple of Dagkar's Abbot. Renowned throughout the Tibetan world as a teacher, intellectual, and highly accomplished practicioner. |
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Term
| Successor for Lopon Zangpo |
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Definition
| Vow of celibacy required of monks. nyingma communities also have non-celibate practicioners (Ngadag lamas). Tolerance towards monks but not nuns who do not adhere to vows of celibacy. Lopon Zangpo needed a successor! |
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Term
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Definition
| Valley hidden by Padmasambava to be discovered at a time of need in the future. A place where refugees can flee from political and social turmoil in Tibet. A place where society can be recreated in order to preserve religious teachings and the ideal Tibetan social order. |
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Term
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Definition
| Domestic-public dichotomy. Men occupy public roles (lama, village leader, trader); women responsible for reproduction and household maintenance. Monks perform religious functions; nuns perform domestic functions (care-takers of elderly0 |
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Term
| Gender Stereotypes in Nubri |
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Definition
Women are more intelligent than men but more passionate. Only men can attain enlightment. I pray to be reborn a man. women use sexuality to achieve certain ends. when fire burns in the mouth of the eighty-year-old man, ashes are poured into the mouths of his brothers.
I pay reverence to your mount and leave you with the fantasy of my genitals. |
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Term
| Son Preference in Nubri (proverbs) |
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Definition
It is the hen that feeds at home and lays her eggs outside. However ferocious a warrior may be, a friend of valor he shall need. However pretty a wife may be, a son on her lap she will need.
Naming conventions: Halt! Bring forth a Son! Three is enough! [girls names] |
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Term
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Definition
| Strong son preference can result in skewed sex ratios (more males than females). historical legacy of female infanticide and differential treatment in China and Norhtern India. Contemporary phenomenon of sex-selective abortions in China, Korea, and Northern India |
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Term
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Definition
Rules of Engagement:
Incest prohibition: cannot be from same descent lineage (gyupa). must have 7 generations separation on father's side. Cross cousin preference (marry daughter of dad's sister). Exchange and Bridal debt. |
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Term
| Households, taxation, and rituals |
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Definition
| A system of loans to new households and subsequent returns of interest to the gomba. system is tied to household development cycle. family systems perspective reveals how it works. |
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Term
| Kanjur Khora (Kanjur Circumambulation Festival) |
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Definition
Religious purposes: everybody hwo comes in contact with the kanjur receives special blessings. Symbolic protection for the herds (against bovine pestilence) and fields (Against hail, early snow, floods, drought, etc.). Symbolic protection for villagers (health, prosperity, longevity, social harmony).
Practical purposes:
Timing: spring when food stores running low. communal sponsorship: every reader eats three square meals per day, courtesy of the surplus from taxes. individual sponsorship: patrons who were very successful previous year feed participants and gain prestige |
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Term
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Definition
| Herdin, trans-himalayan trade, and yartsa gunbu (caterpillar fungus) |
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Term
| Balanced Reciprocity in Nubri |
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Definition
| How do you ensure adequate labor force to accomplish all farming tasks? labor exchange. |
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Term
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Definition
| Transhumance: seasonal movements to exploit pastures at different elevations. herd composition is important |
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Term
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Definition
| Pre-1960's: trade was highly profitable (lowland rice for tibetan salt and wool). 90's: we trade or we starve. trade as an essential subsistence activity (wood for barley). today: trade once again profitable thanks to yartsa gunbu |
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Term
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Definition
| Caterpillar fungus: boosts immune system and virility. very popular in tibetan and chinese medicine. current popularity driving collection efforts whenever it is found. trans-himalayan trade: khampas come to sama to purchase |
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Term
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Definition
The fusion of diverse religious beliefs and practices.
ex.) mountain worship in tibet. |
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Term
| Cult of the Mountain Deity |
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Definition
Pre-buddhist practice - the yulha (village protector).
LegendL padmasambhava transformed mountain deities into chokyung (protectors of the buddhist religion)
Honoring of Lord Pungyen: offering a yak, a tree offering, and the annual horse race |
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Term
| Coordinating Ritual and Economic Activities |
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Definition
Kanjur Circumambulation Festival:
timing: lwate winter/early spring. depleted food stores, blessing fields before plowing/planting.
horse race in honor of lord pungyen: timing: late spring, sowing complete, bovines to the highlands. |
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Term
| Evading moral mandates (Angjung's Yak) |
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Definition
Problematic assumption: cultural ideals equated with actual behaviors. (cultre predetermines peoples' thoughts and actions). people in traditional societies act in strict accordance with cultural rules. agency exists still tho
Buddhist cultural ideal: killing animals is wrong and brings bad karma. assumption: tibetans are buddhists and therefore they don't eat meat. reality: tibetans living at high altitude depend on meat for survival
lesson: cultural rules are subject to interperetation, manipulation, and contestation |
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Term
| Caring for the elderly in Nubri |
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Definition
Ideals and realities: strong sentiment of filial piety (devotion to parents) in tibetan society. after crossing the river, dont' forget the bridge. after gaining maturity, dont forget your parents
cultural ideals can be difficult to fulfill: tashi cares for aging mother but who will care for tashi? balang the half brother? Pema Dondrup's religious ambitions clash with the plight of his aging parents. |
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Term
| Pema Dondrup Rejects his Family Responsibilities |
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Definition
| Kutang - sons (and their wives) are expected to care for aging parents. pema Dondrup's brothers died. dillemas - who will care for the aging parents? will pema dondrup become a worldly householder and marry his brother's widow? |
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Term
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Definition
| Marital rule requiring or permitting a man to marry his deceased brother's wife. allows for the continuity of household after a key member has died. |
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Term
| Who takes care of the elderly in Sama? |
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Definition
Gov't? married sons? unmarried sons? married/unmarried daughters?
Cultural rationale for ordaining a nun: parents acquire merit. nun acquires modicum of prestige. socioeconomic rationale for ordaining a nun: nun will not marry. parents retain her in the household so that in the future she can be a caretaker for the elderly |
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Term
| Ideal Household Development Cycle |
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Definition
time1: eldest daughter ordained as nun, remains at home with parents and siblings
time2: eldest son marries, wife moves in with family
time3: child born to eldest son and wife; time for them to inherit and establish independent household
time4: marriage arranged for youngest daughter, she moves into husband's household
time5: youngest son marries; wife moves in
time6: child born to youngest son and wife. time for them to claim inheritance and for parents to retire and be taken care of by nun |
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Term
| Life course of a nun in Sama |
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Definition
| Ordained at young age (parental decision to ensure old-age caretaker). assists in raising younger siblings. moves to retirement home with ageing paernts, acts as their primary caretaker and contributes (economically) to brother's household. inherits gomba home after parents die. but who will care for her in old age? |
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Term
| Buddhist worldview of life/death |
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Definition
life is continuous cycle of birth, maturation, degeneration, death, rebirth.... death is inevitable; rebirth is inevitable. enlightnment is to break forever the process of cyclical suffering.
if not enlightened: physical body as a temporary vessel; consciousness principle endures: namshey wanders in intermediate realm (bardo) until emerging through rebirth. rebirth shaped by force of previous actions (positive/negative) |
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Term
| Mindfulness of death in buddhists |
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Definition
| the presumption that you will not die is the source of all trouble and the antidote to that is mindfulness of death; source of all marvels - tsongkhapa |
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Term
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Definition
| incredibly rare to be reborn as human (considering all the possible choices). most people thinkg ' i will not die yet' and therefore procrastinate their religious practice. better to think 'i will die tomorrow'. attachment to worldly affairs dissipates, turn away from sinful deeds, engage in activities that will ensure an auspicious future rebirth (like human) |
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Term
| Three roots of practice of tsongkhapa's message |
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Definition
| contemplation on the certainty of death. contemplation that the time of death is uncertain. contemplation that at the time of death nothing is of benefit except religious practice |
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Term
| Death and Consciousness transference |
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Definition
Reincarnation. Requires a lama in nubri. ideal exit point - crown of the head.
intent: maximize possiblity that the consciousness principle (namshey) can find rebirth in the human realm |
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Term
| Preparing the corpse for disposal in nubri |
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Definition
| corpse remains in the house until disposal. astrologer determines auspicious day for disposal (3-5 days after death). take measures to prevent corpse from becoming rolang (zombie). beind in crouching position and keep dogs and cats away |
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Term
| Tibetan methods for corpse disposal |
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Definition
sky burial: chop up corpse, feed to vultures. most common method in tibet because wood is scarce
cremation: most common method in nubri where wood is abundant |
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Term
| Reincarnation and social stratification |
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Definition
| social stratification is somewhat rigid within tibetan societies. lama by birth; blacksmith by birth. being recognized as reincarnate lama is a route towards upward mobility. reverence and respect (social status). control of monastic estate (economic status). control over monastic subjects and political status |
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Term
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Definition
an idological justification to guide native peoples in specific directions. today's intervention philosophy = development.
guiding principles: industrialization, modernization, westernization and individualism are desirable advances (progress) |
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Term
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Definition
| Began at end of colonialism. new form of political-economic interaction between core and periphery. like colonialists, developers envison themselves as agents of progress |
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Term
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Definition
| Many parts of the world characterized by huge inequities. Fear of peasant movements and communism. solution = development. bring people into capitalist system. develop industries and markets. make friends through development (politics) |
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Term
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Definition
| major growht since 50's. national organizations (USAID, AUSAID, GTZ). Multinational organizations (UNDP), non-governmental organizations (gates foundation. missionary organizations. dissemination of capital and technical knowledge. flow from 'developed' to 'developing' |
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Term
| Anthropology's changing objectives |
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Definition
Previous consensus: role is to understand and describe other societies. we have no business changing them.
today's consensus: anthropologists have the skills and knowledge to help solve problems. we have a moral obligation to reciprocate. |
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Term
| Anthropology of Development vs Applied Anthropology |
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Definition
Theoretical Dimension: critiquing assumptions, practices, and discourses of development.
Applied Dimension: working with people to design culturally appropriate socially sensitive projects. |
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Term
| Kottak's suggetions for development |
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Definition
| To maximize social and economic benefits, development projects must be culturally compatible, respond to locally perceived needs, involve men and women in planning and carrying out the changes that affect them, harness traditional organizations, and be flexible. |
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Term
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Definition
projects may fail because they are not economically or culturally compatible.
can't assume that people are willing to make dramatic lifestyle changes for the sake of efficiency |
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Term
| Avoid Under-differentiation |
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Definition
Neglecting cultural variability and differences. "developing countries are all the same". nope shut up
uniform approach to problem solving is wronggg |
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Term
| The Anthropological Advantage in development |
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Definition
| development officials are often socially detached from those they seek to benefit. through fieldwork, anthropologists are socially close to those they work with. thus, anthropologists are in a good position to get involved in development work. |
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Term
| The price of progress (bodley) |
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Definition
| benefits of progress for indigenous peoples are often illusory or even detrimental. progress (development) pushed on people as a way of getting at their resources |
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Term
| MEasuring Quality of life |
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Definition
USual means: GNP, per capita income, employment rates, literacy rates, consumption, doctors and hospital beds/1000 people. etc.
Goldschmidt: Does progress or economic development increase or decrease a given culture's ability to satisfy the physical and psychological needs of its population or its stability? Nutritional status, mental health, crime, family stability, relationship to natural resource base |
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Term
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Definition
work and dietary changes -> diabetes, hypertension, obesity, heart probs
Disrupting environmental balance -> increase in bacterial and parasitic diseases and pollutants
Overpopulation/urbanization/crowding -> increase in bacterial and parasitic diseases |
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Term
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Definition
Voluntary: adopting prestige foods (white rice).
Voluntary/involuntary: more time devoted to earning cash, less time to growing/procuring traditional foods. increased consumption of processed foods.
Forced: elimination of traditional foods by powerful groups (forming national parks) |
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Term
| Anthropology of Development |
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Definition
| International development seen as extension fo colonialism (control resources in poor nations). intervention philosophy ("improve standards of living") to ensure continuing dependency on developed countries. laden with ethnocentric assumptions (they need to be more like us). |
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Term
| The Ugly American Revisited. |
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Definition
1958 book's plot: se asian country facing communist insurrection (cold war). the ugly american is humble engineer who lives and works with villagers to develop low tech solutions. efforts undermined by state dept oficials living in luxury amidst poverty.
Many of us felt guilty and even outraged that the ignorance and ethnocentrism of our aid administrators were getting us hated in the world. development officials are socially and economically detached from targets of development. Why does USAID reject projects that are small scale, cheap, and tech smiple? not spectacular enough to improve US image. small projects "too difficult to administer". no american institutions would make a profit. capitalism driven |
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Term
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Definition
| context: vietnman unstated. foreign aid (freedom road) as part of foreign policy to thwart communism. development presents insurrection. support for the elite (dictator) and development for the elite (military) causes popular resentment. |
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Term
| Ugly American and Foreign Aid |
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Definition
| USAID staff: live in mansions with servants and guards. rarely speak local language. little if any understanding of local culture. social contacts: local gov't elites. job: envision and shpeherd toward completion of multi-million dollar projects. |
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Term
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Definition
| "there is something in it for a lot of people" Tanzanian elites: free vehicles, salaried jobs, new buildings, scholarships to come to US. Americans: salaried jobs, with many perks, housing allowance, servants. contracts for US institutions like companies contractors and universities |
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Term
| Co-opting Universities (ugly american) |
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Definition
| grant money as gov't money subsidy to universities. creating experts who actually know very little about topic (such as farming) in target of intervention. |
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Term
| Why does USAID persist if its so damn shitty? |
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Definition
Vested interest: political - make allies
vested interest: economic - profitable for those who get contracts (universities and corporations). Good jobs for USAID officials. benefits to powerful members of recipient nations. |
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Term
| The Anti-Politics Machine: Invention of "Isolation" |
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Definition
Portrayal of a country as untouched by modern economic development. portrayal of people as traditional peasants who are overpopulating the land. portrayal of ecnomy as insufficient to provide for basic needs. ignoring colonial legacy and forces of globalization that lead to impoverishment.
Agenda: justification for development |
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Term
| The Anti-Politics Machine: problem with the invention of isolation |
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Definition
| developers' myth: lesotho is nation of farmers. hence development should focus on agriculture. reality: lesotho is nation of wage laborers (labor migration to south africa). when locals don't consider themselves to be farmers, development officials conclude that they are mistaken. |
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Term
| The Anti-Politics Machine: Taking politics out of development |
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Definition
| large-scale development schemes view local gov'ts as neutral agents for change. ignores reality of power, political interests, and corruption |
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Term
| The Anti-Politics Machine: the macro/micro perspective |
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Definition
macro: there has been worldwide increase in standard of living and health.
micro: macro perspective veils rise in inequalities and marginalization that occur with development. not everybody benefits; those with power and wealth tend to benefit disproportionately |
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Term
| Invisible Colour (loftsdottir): Research questions |
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Definition
| issues of racial identity have been ignored in context of international development. how does development stimulate and recreate racialized notions? how are racial identities constructed through development encounters. |
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Term
| Invisible Colour (loftsdottir): Who gives? Who receives? |
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Definition
Donors = white; recipients = dark
how is whiteness created and recreated through the discourses and actions of development institutions and others interested in aid? how do images of dark-skinned people in developing countries as an almost objective reality perpetuate a certain image of whiteness? |
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Term
| Invisible Colour (loftsdottir): Developscape |
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Definition
Lived practices and visual representations of development in countries that give and receive aid. tangible and intangible elements associated with progress that are embedded in ideas about modernization.
recipient countries: hierarchy of who is in charge and who is subordinate; signs of advertising projects; cars marked with logos of development organizations; exclusive spaces for development officials
donor countries: discourses about donor nation 'we are generous''; contrasting donors 'saviors' with recipients 'people in dire need' |
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Term
| Invisible Colour (loftsdottir): WoDaaBe Perspective |
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Definition
| development projects derive from and belong to white people. development racialized because it is perceived as belonging to the realm of white europeans and americans. |
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Term
| Invisible Colour (loftsdottir): depicting and performing development |
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Definition
| what social categorizations are created and mainatained through imaging and performing development |
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Term
| Invisible Colour (loftsdottir): the point of the article |
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Definition
continuous depictions of the 'third world' peoples as impoverished and helpless plus continuous portrayal of whites as saviors = a commentary on whiteness created and recreated through the discourses and actions of development institutions
caveat: this is not a criticism of those who generously help others. this is an anthropological critique of the messages about ethnic others that are continually developed through media of development |
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Term
| The anthropologists' critique of development |
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Definition
Goal of development = improve people's lives. development can have negative health and economic impacts.
goal of development = increas equity. development can increase stratification (ex. Ugly american: USAID, gov't, graft, creation of local developmental elite). development as a machine for reinforcing and expanding state bureaucratic power (Ferguson). Development reinforces ethnic/racial stereotypes and balance of global power. |
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Term
| Indigenous activism and Video |
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Definition
| Camera becomes domesticated locally as political tool. video production as form of social activism. |
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Term
| Applied Anthropology: early endeavors |
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Definition
Sol TAx's Fox project (40's-50's). native american settlement in iwoa. originally a field school for training PhD students: you keep asking questions. but what's in it for us? turn toward proactive "action anthropology".
Allan Holmberg's vicos project (50's - 60's): Peruvian andes
goal: to reduce socioecnomic stratification, integrate indigenous into market economy. context: haciendas- land grants to the elite. patron- owner of an hacienda, member of elite class. campesinos- peasants, people who worked the land. highly qualified success according to USAID assessment. less exploitation, and more upward mobility. yet MORE internal stratification |
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Term
| Of worms and other parasites: participant obsv. |
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Definition
| learning culturally appropriate behavior: how to ride the bache. rituals of kindness (alms to beggars). showing respect to elderly. establishing rapport. connecting w/ ppl thru language |
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Term
| Of worms and other parasites: The research question |
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Definition
Dettwyler is medical anthropologist. do intestinal parasites contribute to the poor growth in children? Required collection of stool and urine
Insight: animata's experience reminded me that the connection between food intake and health is not at all obvious for people repeatedly subjected to a variety of illnesses and intestinal parasites |
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Term
| Of worms and other parasites: samples |
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Definition
| very few children tested pos for intestinal parasites. many tested positive for eggs for schistosomiasis |
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Term
| Of worms and other parasites: connections and interpretations |
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Definition
because schistosomiasis is nearly universal and takes years for symptoms to develop, red urine in boys interpereted as sign of puberty in that society. seen as normal,
Behavior and long-term manifestation of the illness: food and health, sex and AIDS, smoking and lung cancer, contaminated water and arsenic poisoning |
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Term
| Of worms and other parasites: applied anthro |
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Definition
| applied dimensions were built into the research. for subjects, free testing for parasites: medicines to cure any infections uncovered. technical consultant: "nutrition communication project" funded primarily by USAID in collab with malian ministry of health. involved field work and training in mali |
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Term
| Mediating the forest-farmer relationship in PAkistan (dove) |
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Definition
| Shifting context: from state to local control of forests. land now under ownership of small farmers instead of rural elite. use strategy: from mainly commercial (extraction for lumber), to mixed commercial/subsistence production (lumber & fodder) |
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Term
| Mediating the forest-farmer relationship in PAkistan (dove): dove's research methods |
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Definition
| surveys, group interviews, in-depth interviews, longitudinal monitoring |
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Term
| Mediating the forest-farmer relationship in PAkistan (dove): grassroots approach |
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Definition
| officials' assumption: farmers don't know anything about cultivating trees. Anthropologists' solution: newsletter for farmers sharing and emphasizing the knowledge that the farmers have. |
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Term
| Mediating the forest-farmer relationship in PAkistan (dove):Insights from anthro |
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Definition
| study all dimensions: farmers and officials. listen to ppl and learn what they know and do. communicate that knowledge to those who have the power to implement development projects. |
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Term
| Critical Reflections (Wallace): Shortcomings of applied anthro |
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Definition
| anthropologists have long engaged in development projects but success and failure only assessed retrospectively. purpose: show how anthropologicfal insights can be used to adapt projects in ongoing manner. |
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Term
| Mediating the forest-farmer relationship in PAkistan (dove): Good roots project: initial goals |
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Definition
| quantify extent of deforestation. determine causes of deforestation, establish system so locals can reclaim denuded land |
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Term
| Mediating the forest-farmer relationship in PAkistan (dove): socioeconomic disconnect |
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Definition
| in meetings, project team viewed as experts - they did not listen to locals |
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Term
| prioritize science or development? |
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Definition
| project receipients chosen thru random sampling. yet enthusiasm varied greatly - shift to purposive sampling |
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Term
| Mediating the forest-farmer relationship in PAkistan (dove): incorrect goals |
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Definition
plan to plant forest trees did not generate local enthusiasm.
solution: shift from forestry to agro-forestry. fast growing tres that can generate income and fuel wood. |
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Term
| Mediating the forest-farmer relationship in PAkistan (dove): Under-differentiation |
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Definition
| assumption: project in north could be replicated with minimum charge in south. problems: cultural diffs (need for intense social interactions to gain rapport), land tenure diffs (tenant farmers vs smallholders). |
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Term
| Mediating the forest-farmer relationship in PAkistan (dove): MEssages |
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Definition
| most ppl in development emphasize success and downplay failures. development job dependent on success. who is the primary beneficiary? Identifying and understanding theerrors in application and the errors in assessment were fundamental to the success of good roots. |
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Term
| Mediating the forest-farmer relationship in PAkistan (dove): Anthropological lens |
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Definition
| anthropologists in ideal position to listen to concerns of development targets. anthropologists can sympathize with local concerns. anthropologists more aware of social and economic differentials between developers and targets of development |
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Term
| Mediating the forest-farmer relationship in PAkistan (dove): anthropological advantage |
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Definition
| long-term perspective and engagement. ability to adapt and learn from mistakes. depth of local knowledge (will not be guilty of under-differentiation). culturally appropriate solutions. relationships built on trust (rapport) respect for local knowledge and abilities. they know what they want biiitch |
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