Term
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Definition
Lawyer turned anthropologist - early work on iroquois kinship system
studied political systems in an evolutionary perspective |
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Term
| Morgan's Evolutionary Paradigm: |
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Definition
Societal Evolution:
Theory:Humans progress to civilization through stages of savagery and barbarism.
Method: compared societies at diff levels of evolution to reveal universal evolutionary path
Assumption: "living fossils" reflect what mroe |
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Term
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Definition
Societies can be compared irrespective of time. some contemporary societies represent savagery.
some historical societies represent civilization (romans/greeks)
Identifying each society's ethnical period and then comparing all societies allows one to study societal development
Savagery -> barbarism -> civilization |
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Term
| Morgan's two evolutions of gov't |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Based on kinship. Gens (patrilineal clan) as basis of organization. complexity evolves through phratry (descent group of related clans), tribe, and confederacy of tribes |
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Term
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Definition
| based on territory/property. township/ward as basis of organization. complexity evolves through county/province (collection of wards), nation (collection fo counties). individuals dealt with through property relations. |
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Term
| Service's Sociopolitical Typologies |
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Definition
Simplistic Scheme: Correlates with adaptive strategy typologies. Implies unilineal evolution
Band (foraging) -> Tribe (horticulture) -> Chiefdom (pastoralism/agriculture) -> State (industrial) |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to exercise one's will over others |
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Term
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Definition
| Socially approved use of power |
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Term
| Service's Sociopolitical Correlates |
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Definition
| Band, Tribal Cultivators, Chiefdom, and States |
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Term
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Definition
| Egalitarian. Leaders "first among equals" ie. the best hunter. Lead by example. No power or authority |
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Term
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Definition
| "Big Man" village head through personal characteristics and kin backing. Leadership by example and generosity. Limited power and authority |
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Term
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Definition
| Chief: permanent political office sanctioned by religion. Significant power and authority |
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Term
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Definition
Systems of control. Population control, judiciary (laws/legal procedures), enforcement (military/police), fiscal (taxation)
Leaders have much power and authority to enforce compliance |
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Term
| Socioeconomic Stratification |
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Definition
Almost all societies divided into strata.
Differential access to resources. |
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Term
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Definition
| people marry within socioeconomic class |
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Term
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Definition
Three dimensions of social stratification
Economic status is based on wealth. Political status is based on power. Social Status is based on prestige |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Theoretical explanation for how a diverse, complex society can be dominated by one social group.
Dominance of one social group over another by means of an ideology that justifies why a stratified social order is in everyone's best interest |
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Term
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Definition
Coercive rule is expensive and unstable. Better option is to persuade subordinates that social order is in everyone's best interest.
Ideology: state or political level creates illusion that relations between dominant and subordinate groups are mutually beneficial.
Goal: get subordinate groups to comply with stratified social order without using coercion |
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Term
| Formal means of social control |
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Definition
| Expressed through law as rules and regulations against deviant behavior. Conducted by gov'ts and organizations using law enforcement mechanisms and other formal sanctions such as fines and imprisonment. Usually used by gov'ts or other organizations that hold power and authority. Explicit "Contract" between gov't and people |
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Term
| Informal means of social control |
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Definition
Expressed through custom and norms using informal sanctions such as criticism, disapproval, guilt, shaming, discrimination, etc. Exercised without explicitly stating rules
Threat of ostracism: who you invite to parties or other events? who you invite to join groups with approved membership?
Satire: publicly ridiculing powerful or influential people/organizations. intended effect: erode prestige.
Education (propaganda) campaigns designed to change people's behaviors. No formal means are used to enforce compliance. Shaming/humiliation/fear tactics |
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Term
| The point of studying social control |
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Definition
| People with political or social agendas understand the power of media as informal means of social control. intent of much advertising is not to educate people but instead to shame/scare/humiliate them to changing behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Resisting Hegemonic Power: public transcript, hidden transcript, weapons of the weak |
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Term
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Definition
| Public interactions between powerful and subordinate |
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Term
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Definition
| Critique of power by the subordinate group that occurs in domains hidden from the dominant group |
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Term
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Definition
| hidden transcripts can be transformed into public expressions against hegemony. resistance can be disguised rather than openly defiant |
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Term
| Learning the Nightmare (Henry) |
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Definition
Schools as institutions for enculturation: american classrooms express values preoccupations and fears found in culture as a whole.
Drilling (role learning) replaced by less rigid forms of teaching
function of education is not to foster creativity but to instill conformity (social control). |
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Term
| Say "Cheese" (Shearing & Stenning) |
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Definition
Mechanisms for social control built into park. "Private corporate policing", "Control strategies are embedded in both environmental features and structural relations. Control becomes consensual
inducing coercion by depriving visitors of a resource they value
Argument: people today are seduced to conform by the pleasures of consuming - the goods that corporate power has to offer |
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Term
| Birth of biometric security (Maguire) |
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Definition
Biometrics: recognizing humans on basis of traits. physical (face fingerprints iris, dna, body odor) or behavioral (handwriting, voice pattern, gait)
Biometric security: record characteristic and enter into database. disseminating database creates method for tracking people |
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Term
| Maguire's Research Agenda |
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Definition
| Biosecurity research dominated by technical fields (encryption). Move beyond debates on efficacy of technology by focusing on historical and and cultural dimensions of biometrics. Explore genealogy of biometric security to show it as an invisible chain that held past populations in contemporary ways. what are social ramifications of these technologies? |
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Term
| Governmentality (Foucault) |
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Definition
| Methods used by gov'ts to produce citizens who act in accordance with gov't policies or objectives. the ideologies and techniques through which subjects are governed. |
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Term
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Definition
He who is subjected to a field of visibility and knows it assumes responsibility for the constraints of power. he makes them play spontaneously upon himself; he inscribes in himself the power relation in which he simultaneously plays both roles.
AKA: people govern themselves when they know they're being watched
With biometrics/biosecurity: the body becomes both target and INSTRUMENT of control |
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Term
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Definition
| Pioneered use of finger and hand prints as ID markers in colonial india for purpose of guaranteeing contractual obligations |
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Term
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Definition
Search for heritable characteristics of race through anthropometrics.
Received herschel's notes on subject of finger prints. understood potential for fingerprints to be used as identifiers |
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Term
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Definition
| Concern in paris about urban population and crime. photographed, finger-printed and collected other data on criminals. filled data so details of individuals could be easily retrieved. Disseminated files so individuals could be tracked. |
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Term
| Biometrics and Utopian Vision |
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Definition
| Every human being should be partially signalised. it would be possible to find anyone whenever desired whether for its own good or that of society at large, in whatever place he might be and however he might alter his appearance or name. Crime would thus be rooted out, elections purified, immigration laws effectively enforced. |
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Term
| Contemporary applications - controlling populations |
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Definition
| Movement enhaced for some (fast screening at airports) and obstructed for others (no fly list). UK "smart border": facilitate rapid movement for some; deter, detect, and remove others |
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Term
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Definition
As citizens get used to biometric ID-ing in their dealings with border control, the association with criminal behavior will diminish and people will be more prepared to accent it for other purposes.
AKA: as we get used to it, we let it control more parts of our lives |
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Term
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Definition
| blood relatives - parents, brothers/sisters, some uncles and aunts |
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Term
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Definition
| relatives through marriage - step parents, step brothers, some uncles/aunts, spouse, in-laws |
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Term
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Definition
| relatives through affection (aka adoption) - god parent, host family |
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Term
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Definition
| social unit whose members claim common ancestry. unilineal (patrilineal, matrilineal): traced through either parental or maternal lines. Bilateral: traced through both paternal or maternal lines. |
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Term
| Earlier applications of descent lineage study |
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Definition
| helped illuminate basis of political and social organization in many societies: Nuer and yanomamo |
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Term
| Joking Relations (A.R. Radcliffe Brown) |
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Definition
Colonial adminstrator turned anthropologist - scientific anthropology: search for universal laws to explain human behavior.
Proponent of Functionalism: Social structure key framework for comparative analysis. Goal is to understand how social institutions fxn |
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Term
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Definition
permitted disrespect:
asymmetrical: a required to tease b, b required to take no offense, b not permitted to tease a
symmetrical: a and b tease eachother, none take offense |
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Term
| Joking relationships and marriage |
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Definition
Disjunction: husband is outsider to wife's family. divergent interests = potential conflict
Conjuction: wife's continuing relationship with own family. interest in her welfare = potential conflict |
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Term
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Definition
Formal relationship: extreme mutual respect. Limitation of direct contact. elders
Joking relationship: mutual disrespect. playful antagonism prevents hostility. friends/ same aged-in kin, younger siblings |
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Term
| Theoretical insight of "joking relations" |
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Definition
Joking relationships are modes of organizing a definite and stable system of social behavior in which conjunctive and sijunctive components are maintained and combined.
joking relationships have a fxn |
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Term
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Definition
| Difficult concept because it varies cross-culturally. US census' definition: group of two or more ppl related by birth, marriage, or adoption and residing together |
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Term
| Family System (William Skinner) |
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Definition
| Customary normative manner in which family processes unfold. processes include marriage succession, inheritance, co-residential arrangements, roles statuses |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 generations (parents + kids). neolocal, monogamous marriage. all kids or all kids of a single gnder inherit equally |
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Term
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Definition
| 2+ generations (grandparents included now). 1 marriage per generation (monogomous or polygnous). majority of inheritance to those who remain in household |
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Term
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Definition
| 2+ generations. 2+ marriages per generation. majority of inheritance to those who remain in household. |
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Term
| Point of understanding family system |
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Definition
| provides one with tools to analyze household economic strategies, family management strategies, inter-generational relations, marital norms, gender roles |
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Term
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Definition
| Monogamous neolocal marriage. wife takes husband's surname. generational segregation. siblings inherit equally at parents' death. Eldest son as successor. Considerable flexibility and variation. |
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Term
| Focus on the fridge (blackman) |
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Definition
| The refrigerator: from luxury to necessity; nearly universal in US households. what does it tell us about american families and kinships? |
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Term
| Refrigerator and american ideas of home (maschio) |
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Definition
| middle class refrigerator as ritual space. place where objects acquire special qualities and convey special meanings (family history, familial afection, values, moral tone) |
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Term
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Definition
| The fridge in a middle class american home functions as a place to display family history and familial affection. place to display family's domestic and moral values. a command and control center for organizing the family's domestic routine |
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Term
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Definition
| who is allowed inside is a measure of kinship, social distance, and age. who can open the fridge in a house? |
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Term
| Marriage in cross-cultural perspective |
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Definition
the way that people form marriages varies from every society.
mosuo - no marriage
tibetans - polyandry
USA - polygyny
india - arranged/choice marriage |
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Term
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Definition
| affinal relationships formed through marriage. difficult to define" a union between man and woman such that children born to woman are recognized children of both partners |
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Term
| Post-marital residence rules |
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Definition
patrilocality: when couple marries they move to husband's household/community
matrilocality: same as patrilocality buty with wife's household/community
neolocality: when couple marries they establish a new independent residence |
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Term
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Definition
| Marriage or sexual relations with close relative. universal taboo however details of taboo differ |
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Term
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Definition
| Paid to bride's family by groom family. compensates brides family for loss of family member |
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Term
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Definition
| Paid to groom's family by bride's family. compensates groom's family for burden of accepting their daughter. provide bride with economic security |
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Term
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Definition
Sororate - custom wherby a widower marries the sister of his deceased wife
Levirate - custom whereby widow marries brother of deceased husband |
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Term
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Definition
Endogamy: marrying within a social group to which a person belongs (social class/caste endogamy; ethnic endogamy)
exogamy: custom of marrying outside social group (lineage/clan exogamy; village exogamy) |
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Term
| Land of the walking marriage (Yuan and Mitchell) |
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Definition
Mosuo family system - matrilineal descent, female-headed households, no formal marital unions.
sisi = walking back and forth (informal unions based on love, no dowry, children raised by mother and her brothers, no social or economic obligations between father and children |
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Term
| Advantages of walking marriage |
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Definition
All siblings contribute to welfare of hosuehold. no potential conflicts between mother in law or daughter in law
Cultural revolution: now banned in china (living fossils must be modernized)
Today: exotic culture practically a tourist attraction |
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Term
| When brothers share a wife (goldstein) |
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Definition
tibetan's perspective: polyandry = means to ensure family unity. conserve household resources.
Corollary and consequence: many women excluded from marriage = low fertility and population growth |
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Term
| The tibetan family system |
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Definition
patrilocal post-marital residence: women marry out, men stay at home.
Patrilineal inheritance: inheritance at marriage not a parental death. men inherit land and animals from fathers. women inherit (dowry( jewelry and animals |
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Term
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Definition
| people would abandon polyandry when other income earning opportunities become available. younger brothers earn wages, split out and form own monogamous union. correct? |
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Term
| Persistence of Plygamy (Egan) |
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Definition
| mormon church denounced polygamy and utah outlawed the practice. 20-60k still live in polygynous families. polygyny survives in clans |
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Term
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Definition
| Men are evolutionarily wired for multiple sex partners. men have natural urge for diversity of mates. polygyny keeps sex within marriage, legitimizes offspring. polygyny offers sense of security and sisterhood for modern women (sharing domestic duties) |
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Term
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Definition
| lack of female autonomy, early child marriages = pedophilia, incestuous unions, appointed marriages (often large age difference), statutory rape |
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Term
| Arranging Marriage in india (Nanda) |
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Definition
most marriages are arranged by parents. arranged marriages are contrary to american ideal of individualism and notion that a successful marriage is based on romantic love.
Nanda's points: marriage is a family decision (not individual). emphasis on quality of bride's family and extended family values. modern aspirations;traditional values |
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Term
| Sex and consequences (wood) |
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Definition
| what happens when society recognizes same-sex marriage. permits polygamy? doesn't mind out-of-wedlock births? permits sex between children and adults? drawing on ethnographic accounts to explore these issues |
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Term
| Examples of same-sex marriage |
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Definition
| native american Berdaches (men who take on female social roles). Nandi of kenya (women marry women to perpetuate matrilineal descent group). Azande of Africa (men who can't afford wives marry other men. |
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Term
| Consequences of same-sex marriage |
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Definition
| Institutionalized homosexuality always has negative consequences. males secretive and exclusive; women devalued and marginalized (etoro as evidence) |
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Term
| Liberal sexuality as maladaptive? |
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Definition
| Societies where homosexuality is the norm have low birth rates (not true) |
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Term
| Redefining Marriage: key concept = agency |
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Definition
| the capacity of humans to affect their own life chances |
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Term
| Changing household arrangements in america (the stats) |
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Definition
| more people cohabit. more people form same-sex unions, more adults still live with parents, more people live alone, more people live as single parents |
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Term
| the Changing american family system (the truth) |
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Definition
| Stats tell only part of the story. looking at processes rather than just compositions reveals a system that remains basically the same but we go through more transitions along the way and expand the definition of our family |
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Term
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Definition
| biological differences that are more or less unalterable (y chromosome, different genitals) |
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Term
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Definition
| traits that a culture assigns to and inculates in males and females. social construction |
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Term
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Definition
| category created and developed by society. perception of a group that is constructed through cultural and social practice. ex.) gender |
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Term
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Definition
| Student of Franz Boas and Ruth Benedict. popular writer - studied how culture determines personality |
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Term
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Definition
Boas: cultures can only be understood with reference to their particular historical developments
Benedict: each culture shapes personality of individual |
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Term
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Definition
gender roles, stereotypes, and stratification are socially and culturally constructed.
Comparative approach to reject notion that all differences between men and women are innate
if male/female differences are universal, they should not vary through time (which they do) |
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Term
| Social construction of gender |
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Definition
We gender w/o thinking about it; begins at birth. dressing, naming.
once gender is evident, people treat that person accordingly. gender construction occurs within many contexts that reflect roles/stereotypes |
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Term
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Definition
| tasks and activities a culture assigns to a sex |
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Term
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Definition
| strongly held ideas bout the characteristics of males and females |
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Term
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Definition
| rights/responsibilities allocated according to gender. what men do is often more valued than what women do. gender ideology often legitimizes stratification. |
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Term
| Domestic-Public Dichotomy |
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Definition
explains universal subordination. differentiation between home and outside world. strong differentiation with more gender stratification: higher status for men than women.
Cultural systems give authority and value to the roles and activities of men. women confined to domestic realm; men gain and maintain more power and authority through access to public realm. |
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Term
| Domestic-Public Dichotomy is changing |
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Definition
| moving forward; domestic-public dichotomy has an appealing hypothesis that doesn't hold up to scrutiny. Functional separation must be distinguished from physical separation. Men/women use domestic and public spaces at dif times in dif. ways. Segregating women from men doesn't mean lack of agency |
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Term
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Definition
| too simplistic, couldn't explain much, too many exceptions. new foci: gender relations, not just gender. Understand that women are not an invariable category. need to recognize a woman's social position. Agency: women have interests, often contradictory to men, and act upon them. |
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Term
| Measuring up to barbie (Urla and Swedlund) |
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Definition
| Are american women discontent with bodies? (drugs, cosmetics, dieting, cosmetic surgery) |
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Term
| Learning Gender (two examples) |
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Definition
learning through play (urla and swedlund)
learning through ritual (herdt) |
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Term
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Definition
| Fueled by profitable industries (cosmetic, weight loss, fashion) that feminine bodies are never feminine enough. constant need for refining and reshaping. barbie's influence: incredibly resilient visual and tactile model of feminity for young girls) |
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Term
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Definition
| developed during cold war. symbolized aspirations of prosperity, domestic containment, rigid gender roles. continued success by adapting to times |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning connection between personal appearance and happiness. connection between appearance and acceptance among peers and lessons about grooming for social events (proms) |
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Term
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Definition
| Socializing into consumer culture: learning culture capital of name brands, learning connection between fashion/taste and social status. |
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Term
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Definition
| Barbie and Shani deviate significantly from Army Norma. Taller and thiner, similar to runway model ideal |
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Term
| Urla and Swedlund's point |
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Definition
| choosing body type is pervasive feature of consumer culture. keeping control over body has become sign of individual's social/moral worth. playing with barbie can lead to internalizing values of ideal body image and girls can link barbie's body to her popularity/glamour. can affect self esteem |
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Term
| Rituals of Manhood (Herdt) |
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Definition
Warfare used to be constant and nagging among sambia and it conditioned the values and masculine stereotypes surrounding male initiatory cult.
Masculinity performed on battlefield, boys enculturated with ideals of masculinity |
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Term
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Definition
| babies nurtured by women, children raised by women (if female) and by men (if male) |
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Term
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Definition
| nature provides genitals; yet maleness not bioligcally given. maleness induced through ritual. maternal attachment inhibits manly growth. separation from mother is essential and ritual insemination to rid body of female contaminants and induce puberty |
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Term
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Definition
| ethnographic example of society that draws major distinction between genders. example of how gender is constructed among ales through initiation rituals. |
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Term
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Definition
| both male and female biolgical traits |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals have gender identity that is different than their biological sex identity. biology isn't destiny; people construct their own identities |
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Term
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Definition
| Member of third gender in india. often are intersex. low social status, marginal members of society. make living by performing at weddings or birth ceremonies (Association with fertility) |
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Term
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Definition
| a social construction with a biological basis. is sexuality innate or learned? a politicized question in debates over homosexuality and heterosexuality |
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Term
| Family and kinship systems and sexuality |
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Definition
| family/kinship helps define who are acceptable sex partners. what counts as incest? can you be sexually active with more than 1 person at a time? who inherits resources and thus is in best position to marry? |
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Term
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Definition
| European feudalism: eldest son inherits. younger sons denied access to marriage because they did not inherit anything. best options were to join celibate groups. (soldiers/priests) |
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Term
| Communities and sexuality |
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Definition
| communities help dfine what types of relationships are permitted. courting/dating behavior. process of learning about sexuality |
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Term
| Informal means of social control and sexuality |
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Definition
| how does peer judgement affect decisions about who to date? fear of being outed affects public displays of affection |
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Term
| Formal means of social control and sexuality |
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Definition
| laws in place that legally define at what age or with whom and how one can have sex. ie jim crow, statutory rape laws, sodomy laws, bestiality laws |
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Term
| Culture and nature and sexuality |
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Definition
| sex is a natural act that humans have surrounded with a variety of cultural customs. |
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Term
| Female-selective abortion in Asia (miller) |
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Definition
common ideology: women cannot perpetuate the family lineage. male offspring valued more highly than female
gender roles: men more valuable to parents as farmers/wage earners and caretakers; women reside with in-laws
gender stratification: men dominate economic, political, social, and ideological spheres |
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Term
| Modernization and patriarchy |
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Definition
| modernization has led to lower fertility but more abortions of females. modernization has increased the amount parents must pay in dowry to marry daughters (india) |
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Term
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Definition
high ratio of males;females correlates with high violence.
human rights issue: can gender be considered a birth defect? (no!) |
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Term
| Ladies behind bars (Coggeshall) |
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Definition
example of how gender is constructed. Individual's gender redefined in prison context. male and female gender roles emerge in all male society. males create females and dominate/subjugate them
real men dfined by ability to protest/resist sexual advances and ability to keep and protect women
ladies/queens: come out voluntarily. high status and control over self concept
kids: kept in servitude by others.
gumps/punks: kept in servitude and prostituted for money
dykes: female guards. position of power and authority over men. defined in non feminine terms |
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Term
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Definition
| multiple paths to masculinity: all influenced by enculturation through direct transmission, learning through rituals and informal means of social control, media, observation |
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Term
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Definition
| WWE glorifies bullying and violence and mistreatment of women as idealized model of masculinity. no consequences: only rewards (fame fortune, sexual control over women) |
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Term
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Definition
| videogaming is an traditionally male domain. males are secretive and exclusive and women are devalued. |
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Term
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Definition
| Belief and ritual concerned with supernatural beings powers and forces. universal in human kind |
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Term
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Definition
| Society becomes more 'rational' as it evolves and eventually leads to atheism. wrong because religion is more than rationality- provides solace in dealing with uncertainty (psychological benefits), maintains group identity and solidarity (social benefits) |
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Term
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Definition
| symbolic association with an object through stipulated descent. sacred emblems symbolize common identity. fxns to create solidarity among groups of ppl |
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Term
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Definition
| Concept common in south pacific. sacred impersonal force that resides in living things and objects. associated with luck or fortune; used to explain differential success. some people just have more mana than others! |
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Term
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Definition
| Supernatural techniques intended to accomplish specific aims. actions offerings spells or incantations. magic most prevalent in situations of chance and uncertainty when people feel they cannot control matters. reduces stress, creates illusion of control |
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Term
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Definition
Strong social prohibition against words, objects, actions, or people that are considered undesirable in society. often backed by supernatural sanction. breaking a taboo has social consequences.
ex. incest - every society incest is taboo. menstruation - some societies prevent women from touching religious items when menstruating. food- soem animals considered unclean while some sacred or unfit for eating |
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Term
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Definition
| stylized and repetitive. performed in special (sacred) places and at set times. convey info about participants and traditions. transmit enduring cultural messages |
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Term
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Definition
| rituals associated with transition from one place or stage in life to another. confer to individuals change in social status. help create/maintain group identity |
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Term
| Liminality in rites of passage |
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Definition
| homogeneity, equality, anonymity, naked or uniform dress, total obedience, excess (restraint or indulgence), accepting of pain and suffering |
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Term
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Definition
| collective liminality; intense feeling of social solidarity among initiates. communitas acts as leveling mechanism (customs or actions that operate to reduce differences) |
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Term
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Definition
| Re-integrated into society after communitas with a new status. from pledge to brother. from recruit to soldier |
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Term
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Definition
| Witchcraft widely distributed. nearly universal. incorporates non human powers. witchcraft as innate ability inherited to cause people misfortune or kill them. witches become important during times of crisis. Witchcraft accusations more common during times of stress |
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Term
| Colonial context of witchcraft |
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Definition
| british controlling parts of africa. opinion that beliefs in withcraft and other superstitions evidence that primitive people were 'inferior'. evans pritchard sought to demonstrate otherwise |
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Term
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Definition
| Classification of misfortunes that are harmful to people. mechanism for explaining unfortunate events. witchcraft accepted as commmon routine and part of every day. |
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Term
| proximate (Secondary) cause |
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Definition
| an event which is immediately responsible for causing observed result |
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Term
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Definition
| the REAL reason something happened. the reason two events coincided in time and place. witchraft brings a man in relation with events in such a way that he sustains injury" |
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Term
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Definition
| Witchcraft does not explain all deaths and unfortunate events. not all witchcraft accusations are credible. incompetence, laziness, ignorance, stupidity. witchcraft does not exclude natural causation. belief is consistent with human responsibility and rational appreciation of nature. ` |
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Term
| Femenine power at sea (rodgers) |
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Definition
Linguistic analysis of maritime culture. focus on culture of naming and launching ships.
positive: ships named after women. christening performed by women
negative: taboo against women on board or in shipyard |
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Term
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Definition
| Stylized and repetitive acts performed in special places at set times. convey info about participants and traditions. prescribed behaviors in which there is no empirical connection between means and desired end |
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Term
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Definition
| Gmelch wanted to render explicit what is often unseen or obscure to fans. Rituals intended to manipulate odds of success. magic rituals much more common in situations of uncertainty. How do players try to control the outcomes when they have uncertainty? |
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Definition
| comforting and bring sense of order to the world. also help with concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| material object believed to embody supernatural power. fetishized objects aid and protect owner |
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Term
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Definition
| pitching, hitting and fielding. which activities are most closely associated with magic and rituals? why? |
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