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| when a person blindly accepts the moral code they have grown up in. They may have strong moral convictions and be a good person, but have no rationale to support their convictions. |
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Getting P.A.I.D.
this is a condition of moral maturity |
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| Points related to Christian Ethics |
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Ethics is not an only Christian endeavor.
On some issues Christian ethics and other religions overlap views.
We cannot talk about the Christian ethic because within Christianity there is a variety of beliefs |
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| Scientific study of morality (Descriptive ethics) |
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Several social sciences engage in this type of study of morality (sociology, anthropology, psychology).
It is an investigation of moral behavior and beliefs that focuses on empirical facts.
It is descriptive in nature: describes and explains what is going on. |
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| Philosophical Study of Morality (Prescriptive Ethics ) |
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The branch of ethics that makes value judgments.
Interested less in what people actually do, and more in what they should do.
Prescriptive in nature. |
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| Two types of Philosophical ethics |
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Analytical ethics/metaethics: a highly technical discipline that investigates the meaning of the ethical terms.
Normative ethics: deals with creating standards for living. we engage in normative ethics whenever we form opinions about right or wrong and offer reasons for such judgments. |
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| Various types of Normative ethics (major categories and subcategories) |
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| Teleological theories, Deontological theories, Areteological theory. |
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Also referred to as consequentialist theories.
Maintains that the morality of the act is determined by the consequence (telos =end, result) .
Emphasis is on the result of the act. |
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Also referred to as a noconsequentialist theories.
Maintains that the morality of the act is determined by whether we followed the rules or not (deon=obligation or necessity).
Emphasis is on the rules. |
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Also referred to as a virtue or character theory.
Maintains that what we do and what we choose in the end is less significant than the kind of people we become (arete=virtue)
Emphasis is on the kind of person one is. |
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maintains that what people believe about morality depends on the culture in which they live.
Cultural relativism is a sociological fact. |
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A philosophical view that denies the existence of a single, universal moral standard.
Maintains that moral right and wrong depend on the culture a person belongs to.
Therefore, we cannot judge the character or conduct of those outside of our society based on our moral code. |
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Maintains that there are basic principles which are true without qualification.
These ethical principles apply to everyone, everywhere, and at all times, regardless of whether everyone believes them or not. |
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| any philosophical account that holds that final causes exist in nature, meaning that design and purpose analogous to that found in human actions are inherent also in the rest of nature. The adjective has a broader usage, for example in discussions where particular ethical theories or types of computer programs are sometimes described as teleological because they involve aiming at goals. |
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a descriptive theory about human motivation and behavior (why do people act the way they do?)
claims that everyone acts in their own self interest, a truly unselfish act is impossible.
it can serve as justification for EE but does not have to. |
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a theory that claims that everyone ought to act in their own self interest.
Concerned only with the best consequences for me.
What promotes my best self interest. |
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| a theory that claims that we should decide our morals based on what act produces the best results for the most people |
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a Christian ethical theory that was primarily developed in the 1960's by the Ipiscopal priest Joseph Fletcher.
This is the middle ground between legalism and antinomianism.
agape love.
trying to get at the biblical command to "love thy neighbor" |
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| The four working principals of situationism |
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Definition
Pragmatism.
Relativism.
Positivism.
Personalism. |
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a philosophical tradition centered on the linking of practice and theory.
The good is what works.
Seeks concrete and practical answers. |
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Words like "never" and "always" have no place in situationism.
relativizes the absolute (agape love) |
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two ways to approach religious belief: naturalism ( I believe based on what I gain from reason); Positivis (I believe because God said so).
There is no rational answer to the question" why should I love" |
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| people are more important than rules |
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God establishes moral laws and they are universally binding for all people.
usually expressed in that religion's sacred scriptures. |
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This type of approach began with the ancient Greeks, but Thomas Aquinas adapted it for Christianity.
Suggests that reason can discover God's moral commands by reflecting on human nature.
God created the universe, and in doing so God created in humans certain inclinations.
These represent the goods that God wants us to have. |
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| Divine command and natural law theories are NOT incompatible. |
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The question of what I ought to do is actually about what I am or ought to be. Virtue is a practice rather than a principal. Dates back to the Greeks: Plato and Aristotle identified the four cardinal virtues.
Christian adaptation(Medieval Times): Thomas Aquinas adds the theological virtues.
Modern Times: Virtue ethics suffered momentary eclipse during the nineteenth century but re-emerged in the late 1950's.
It became popular again because of the increasing dissatisfaction with the forms of ethics that existed. |
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Prudence(wisdom, insight, knowledge): the practice of sound judgement
Justice: the practice of giving to everyone what belongs to them.
Fortitude(courage):the practice of doing good despite obstacles.
Temperance: the practice of moderation. |
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| The difference between the theological virtues and the cardinal virtues. |
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theological virtues are given to us by God and are intended to accomplish spiritual good(bring us into union with God)
Three theological virtues: faith, hope, love |
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