Term
| what is the relationship between the sickle cell trait and malaria? |
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Definition
| people with the sickle cell trait are resistant to malaria. |
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Term
| how can you be a "carrier" of sickle cell disease? |
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Definition
| you inherit the sickle cell allele from both of your parents |
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Term
| traits are sometimes said to "skip a generation." how does this happen according to Mendel's experiments? |
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Definition
| if an allele determining a trait is recessive, dominant alleles from either parent can mask it, like when Mendel's first generation of flowers from a white and purple parent were all purple. |
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Term
| a person who is a carrier of sickle cell disease produces the following gametes during meiosis. |
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Definition
| 50% HbA (normal), 50% HbS (sickle cell) |
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Term
| Mendel found that tall pea plants are genetically dominant over short pea plants. that means that |
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Definition
| if a plant contains a tall and short gene, the plant will be tall |
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Term
Siamese cats have enzymes that code for dark fur. these enzymes are only active in cooler temperatures. This is why the tips of Siamese cat's ears, feet, and tail are dark but the warmer regions of its body core maintain a lighter color. this is an example of |
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Definition
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Term
| why don't Mendel's rules entirely explain heredity patterns? |
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Definition
| Genes can interact with other genes and the environment can influence gene expression. |
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Term
| DNA replicates mostly accurately due to consistent base-pairing. what does that mean? |
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Definition
| Base A always pairs with base T, and C with G, so accurate replication is easy. |
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Term
| What are the three functions of the DNA molecule? |
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Definition
| Replicate, Mutate, Produce Proteins |
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Term
| scientist James Watson and Francis Crick won a Nobel Prize for their model of DNA structure. why is that structure important in DNA replication |
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Definition
| because each base can only pair with a particular other base, even when the DNA splits, the bases will always match up the same way as it reforms |
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Term
| A mistake in DNA replication that is not corrected by repair enzymes is a mutation. which of the following is true about mutations? |
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Definition
| A mutation may be good, bad, or go without detection depending on the change means for how the protein functions. |
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Term
| Genes expression is in the form of |
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Definition
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Term
| DNA functions as a sort of recipe for the proteins that make an organism what it is and make it work. it doesn't make proteins directly but directs a series of steps that results in proteins. which sequence below correctly follows how this works? |
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Definition
| DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA. Messenger RNA attaches to a ribosome. Transfer RNAs bring amino acids to the ribosome/mRNA complex in the order coded by the mRNA. The amino acids are bonded together and translated into a protein as specified by the original DNA. |
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Term
| A sequence of amino acids that are linked together will fold into shapes that are the most chemically stable. This is why proteins have a particular shapes. why does this matter. |
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Definition
| if the proteins aren't the right shape, they cant do their job properly. |
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Term
| of the many researchers working on collecting information about the structure and function of DNA, who discovered the shape of the molecule was a double helix |
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Definition
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Term
| A change in DNA result is an incorrect protein is the problem in sickle cell disease. is this normally the problem in genetic diseases? |
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Definition
| Yes, abnormal proteins created by abnormal DNA is the problem in all genetic diseases. |
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Term
| Normally cells in a body communicate, live, divide, and eventually die in an organized way to keep the body running smoothly. in cancer |
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Definition
| Cells divide and accumulate out of control, with various serious consequences. |
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Term
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Definition
| cancer cells spread from a tumor throughout the body. |
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Term
| abnormal cell decision of essentially normal cells that does not pose a threat to surrounded tissues is termed |
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Definition
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Term
| what are two reasons the uncontrolled cell growth of cancer can cause serious health consequences. |
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Definition
| Tumors can grow very large, interfering with organ and body function, and cancer can become invasive, spreading to other parts of the body, making it difficult to remove. |
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Term
| Tumors can deprive cells of oxygen and nutrient. this happens through angiogenesis, which is |
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Definition
| when tumors cause blood vessels from the circulatory system to grow into the tumor, preventing oxygen and nutrients from traveling to other cells. |
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Term
| what do signal molecules do to control cell division in normal cells? |
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Definition
| growth factors tell a cell to divide, and growth inhibitors prevent division |
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Term
| mutations in what two types of genes can result in uncontrolled cell division characteristics of cancer? |
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Definition
| a proto-oncogene and a tumor suppressor gene |
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Term
| Diet and exercise are both considered factors in cancer risk. exercise is good for just about everything, but what should you eat? |
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Definition
| Fruits, Vegetables, and high fiber grains |
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Term
| which of the following is NOT true about the human papilloma virus HPV? |
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Definition
| in cannot be spread directly person to person by skin on skin contact. |
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Term
| which of the following is true about breast cancer? |
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Definition
| about 12% of women in the united states will get breast cancer. |
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Term
| how would a doctor use surgery and chemotherapy together to treat cancer? |
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Definition
| surgery removes as much of the cancer as possible and chemotherapy is used to kill off any cancerous cells that may have been missed. |
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Term
| how does poverty increase the risk of dying of cancer? |
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Definition
| poor people lack access to routine medical treatment that would catch cancer early enough to treat effectively |
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Term
| what is the most important diagnostic tool a doctor has to catch cancer early? |
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Definition
| You-- if you pay attention to your own health and see a doctor when something seems unusual. |
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Term
| if a women can produce gametes with X chromosomes, and a male can produce gametes with either an X or a Y chromosome, and the resulting offspring will be made up of one gamete from each parent does the father or mother determine the gender of the baby? |
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Definition
| the father because he can contribute either an X or Y gamete |
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Term
| primary sex determination results from DNA directing the production of either testes or ovaries In the embryo. what then determines secondary sexual characteristics? |
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Definition
| Hormones secreted by the testes or ovaries regulate whether male or female sexual structures form in the embryo. |
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Term
| Sperm cells are formed initially in the testes. what path do they follow to get to ejaculation? |
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Definition
| Epididymis, Vas deferens, Prostate gland, urethra |
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Term
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Definition
| sperm, prostaglandins, sucrose, neutralizing fluid from the prostate gland. |
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Term
| what hormones function in male and female reproductive organs? |
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Definition
| FSH (follicle simulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone) |
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Term
| where does the corpus luteum come from and what does it do? |
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Definition
| the ruptured follicle of the ovary develops into the corpus luteum once the egg is released. it secretes estrogen and progesterone in preparation for pregnancy. |
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Term
| where do the hormones FSH and LH come from and what do they do in women? |
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Definition
| the pituitary gland; FHS causes a follicle in the ovary to mature and release an egg, and with LH, stimulates estrogen secretion. |
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Term
| Menstruation is part of the uterine cycle. why does it happen? |
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Definition
| when an egg is released, the endometrium or uterine lining develops to support an embryo in case of pregnancy. if pregnancy does not occur, the lining is shed. |
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Term
| which of the following methods of contraption is most effective? |
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Definition
| Hormonal contraption, delivered by pill, implant, patch, or injection |
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Term
| drugs or environmental pollutants that disrupt normal hormone signals (endocrine disrupters) may cause serious sexual problems. why? |
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Definition
| Hormonal communication in the body controls the development of secondary sexual characteristics and fertility. |
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Term
| how is a tubal ligation simulation to vasectomy? |
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Definition
| in a vasectomy the vas deferens is cut, preventing sperm from getting to semen. in tubal ligation, the oviduct is cut so eggs cant get to the uterus. both are essentially permeant forms of contraception |
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Term
| which of the following is the primary reason for male infertility. |
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Definition
| sedentary life style keeping testes to warm. |
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Term
| how is a tubal ligation simulation to vasectomy? |
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Definition
| in a vasectomy the vas deferens is cut, preventing sperm from getting to semen. in tubal ligation, the oviduct is cut so eggs cant get to the uterus. both are essentially permeant forms of contraception |
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Term
| what is the purpose of amniocentesis? |
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Definition
| to examine the chromosomes of the fetus to ensure they appear normal |
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Term
| what does a home pregnancy detect in the mothers urine that indicates pregnancy? |
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Definition
| Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) |
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Term
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Definition
| the embryo implants in the endometrium layer of the uterus. |
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Term
| the APGAR test has been used since the 1930's to quickly assesses newborn health. what else is done? |
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Definition
| blood and urine test detect metabolic abnormalities like PKU |
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