carries water and minerals from roots to leaves 

 are primitive water conducting cells 

 are advanced water conducting cells 

Tracheids and Vessel elements are ? cells 

? transports sugar from leaves to all parts of the plant 

? conducts phloem sap. 

? provide nourishment to Sieve tube elements 

living

? is process during which drops of water are forced out of vein endings along the edges of leaf. 

Cohesion is the tendency of water molecules to cling together

Cohesion-Tension Model: 

? is evaporation of water through stoma 

? are modified epithelial cells. They have thick inner walls and thin outer walls 

?: Pores in the leaf epidermis bordered by guard cells 

When water enters guard cells,. The stoma are opened. When water leaves guard cells stoma are closed. 

A stoma opens when turgor pressure increases in guard cells due to the entrance of K+ followed by the entrance of water 

? is an inorganic substance usually containing two or more elements 

A Mineral 

Essential Nutrient If: ?

Macronutrients are needed in ? quantities 

Micronutrients are needed in ? quantities 

? are required for or enhance the growth of a particular plant (Ex: Horsetails require silicon for growth. 

Soil is a mixture of mineral particles ?

Sand particles are the largest, Clay particles are the smallest 

? is a vertical section of soil from the ground surface to the unaltered rock below 

Soil horizons are layers parallel to the soil surface
?

3 layers?

• Water enters roots passively through aquaporins and eventually reaches xylem by either

  ?

   

• Water enters roots passively (no energy is used by plants) an minerals enter roots actively (energy is used by plants) 

• Root nodules are mutualistic relationship between nitrogen fixing bacteria and legume plants. 

• Mycorrhizae are mutualistic relationship between fungi and plants 

• Carnivorous plants obtain nutrients (mainly nitrogen compounds) by feeding on insects