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| What are the greenhouse gasses ? |
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Definition
| Methane, Carbon Dioxide, Ozone, CFCs, Water Vapor, Nitrous Oxide, |
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Natural Greenhouse Gasses v.
Anthropogenic Gasses |
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Natural- Methane, Carbon Dioxide, and Nitrous Oxide
Anthropogenic- |
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| Relationship between Greenhouse Gasses and Temperature |
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Definition
| A positive relationship, as one increases the other increases (Increase in Temp 0.6 K and Greenhouse gasses have increased) |
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| Impact on Climate and Climate Change |
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Definition
| Global upper ocean heat content is rising |
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Definition
Amount of radiation emitted from a blackbodies
yields the smooth curves of intensity as a function of
wavelength for an emitter at a given temperature
h = 6.6262×10-34 J s (Planck’s Constant )
K = 1.3807×10-23 J K-1 (Boltzmann’s Constant )
c = 2.998 x 108 ms-1 speed of electromagnetic radiation
λ = wavelength |
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Definition
Max Wavelength = 2897/T
Speaks about peak height of thermal spectrum of an object is inversely proportional to its temperature |
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Definition
The flux of radiation (R) emitted by a blackbody
R =σT4
σ = 5.67×10-8 W m-2 K-4 |
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Definition
A body absorbs and emits energy at a given wavelength with equal efficiency
Blackbody Aλ= ελ =1
Nonblackbody Aλ= ελ < 1 |
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Definition
| Emissivity - ratio of energy flux at the surface of wavelength over the ideal energy flux of a blackbody in the same range |
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Definition
λ
x 2πr - Particle Size Parameter
Rayleigh Scattering (x << λ)
Small particles are much more efficient
at scattering than larger particles |
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Is the level of influence an force of altering the balance between incoming and outgoing energy
ΔTs =λΔF
ΔTs = equilibrium surface temperature
ΔF = radiative forcing
λ = c limate sensitivity coefficinet |
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Term
| Ozone distribution in the atmosphere |
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Definition
- triatomic ozone
- naturally in stratosphere ( 20 km above the surface of the earth)
- The natural ozone layer: vertical and latitudinal distribution of
ozone number of density (1012 molecules cm-3) |
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| Function of Ozone layer: UV absorption by ozone |
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Definition
-atmospheric constituent (absorbs 180 and 290 nm)
-product of an oxygen only environment
- cyanobacteria contributed it to the environment |
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Term
| Ozone formation: The chapman mechanism |
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Definition
- Ozone formed from photolysis of the atmospheric 0^2
- Bond energy of the 0^2 corresponds to the energy of a 240 nm UV proton
- only photons of waves less than 240 nm can photolyze the O^2 molecule ( high energy protons are present in solar spectrum) |
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| Catalytic Ozone Destruction: Missing elements |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the major chemical components of the atmosphere? |
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Definition
| Oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon |
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Term
Atmospheric Layers and their major characteristics:
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere |
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Definition
troposphere (9 - 16km) - PBL, adiabatic lapse rate at 6.5, well mixed, pollution and weather
Stratosphere 16 - 50 km
Ozone layer, not well mixed, no precipitation or clouds, pollutants alter the radiation budget
mesosphere 50 -85 km
coldest temperature occurs, temperature decreases
Thermosphere
conversion of solar heat to sensible heat |
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Term
| Temperature profiles of all the layers |
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Definition
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Definition
| when the temperature of air increases with height (stratosphere) |
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Definition
| rate at which temperature decreases with height (6.5 in thermosphere) |
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Definition
| the point directly influence by surface presence and responds to a time scale of an hour |
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Term
| Planetary Boundary layer structure |
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Definition
| Ground surface, viscos sublayer, the surface layer, transition layer, free atmosphere |
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Term
| Planetary Boundary Significance |
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Definition
| Pollution gets trapped there, weather/temperature is there , people live there |
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Term
| importance of spectral gab |
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Definition
a spectrum where eddies are well mannered and well displayed- small eddies=small time periods. Peak time
3 time periods (24 hours, large scale, microscale). Peak shows eddies that contributed the most TFR. Microscale eddies has range between 10 seconds and 10 mins. |
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| What is atmospheric dispersion |
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Definition
| process where pollutants expands, mixes, and diluted by atmospheric motion deleted by clouds |
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Definition
| diffusion by eddies, - consists of a lot of eddies - usually decides turbulence spectrum; |
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| 3 kinds of turbulent transport |
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Definition
mechanical turbulence
Wind Shear(caused)
turbulence caused by bouyance |
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| Characteristics of pollutant behavior |
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Definition
looping- plume is characteristic of neutral or slightly stable atmospheric conditions
Fumington- ML begins to grow, eventually reaching the height of the elevated plume from the previous nightin stable atmosphere, horizontal with little vertical dispersion
conning - in the RL with vertical and horizontal spread
fanning- |
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| Difference between PBL Layer with free atmosphere |
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Definition
PBL- adiabatic, turbulent
Free Atmosphere- well mized, not turbulent |
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Term
| Early evolution of the atmosphere |
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Definition
volcanic gases, presence of H20,Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen, and Sulfur gasses
- billions of years later water took shape and creatuin of cyano bacteria |
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Definition
| Nitrogen - 78%, Oxygen 21%, and 1% other |
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Mixing ratio = mass of water vapor (grams)
mass of dry air (kilograms) |
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Temperature
Pressure
Density |
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| Temperature and Pressure Profile |
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Definition
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| Factors affecting vertical velocity |
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Definition
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| Factors affecting horizontal wind |
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Definition
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| Effects of heating and cooling |
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Definition
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| The simplest model: One box model |
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Definition
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| The simplest model: One box model |
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