Term
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Definition
| Scholarly or scientific investigation or inquery |
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Term
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Definition
Better understanding of topic
gather evidence
test a hypothesis
learn something new |
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Term
| Why Sports Medicine Research? |
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Definition
Improve treatment
understand why medical treatments work
improve performance (athlete & clinician)
improve existing technique
aid prevention
prove to outside world significacy and success of the profession of athletic training
gain prestigue |
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Term
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Definition
Another person in the same field/panel of experts review given article and challenge every assertation made in the article
*ALWAYS BLIND |
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Term
| Academic Journals: Purpose |
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Definition
| To give very specific scientic knowledge on a certain topic |
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Term
| Academic Journal: Audience |
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Definition
| Aimed at people already in given field with a basis of knowledge on the topic or area |
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Term
Academic Journal:
Work cited?
Written by? |
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Definition
- Usually has a work cited or reference page
- Usually written by people that are EXPERTS in their field |
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Term
| Components of a good research article |
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Definition
Title
abstract
intro
methods
results
discussion
references |
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Term
| Research Article: Abstract |
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Definition
| Summary, appx 4-5 sentances about intro, methods, and results |
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Term
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Definition
| Purpose, hypothesis, background, info on similiar studies |
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Term
| Research Article: Abstract |
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Definition
| Summary, appx 4-5 sentances about intro, methods, and results |
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Term
| Research Article: Methods |
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Definition
| Process of what was done in study; HIGHLY SPECIFIC |
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Term
| Research Article: Results |
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Definition
| Outcome (in sentance form); graphs; charts |
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Term
| Research Article: Discussion |
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Definition
revelance, interpretation of results; what does that mean and how does that translate;
whether it correlates or differs from other studies and why;
limitations |
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Term
| Reading a scientic journal article |
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Definition
Skim quickly (skip abstract initially);
highlight words dont understand and look up;
comprehend section by section (should be able to explain to person outside of field by section) |
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Term
| Sumarizing a Research Article |
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Definition
Don't plagerize (take notes and sumarize in own words);
"talk it out" verbalize the material;
elimate wordiness;
use concise and specific language;
accurate and reflects purpose of the study |
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Term
| Why are Protective Devices important? |
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Definition
*Injury prevention: players and coaches need to know about protective devices;
*ATC's must know options for using fabricated and purchasedc protective devices;
*PROPER FITTING IS ESSENTIAL |
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Term
| Keys to protective devices (5) |
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Definition
~Protective needs of individual sports;
~proper design;
~proper fitting;
~fabrication materials;
~care and maintenance |
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Term
| 8 Material Properties to Consider (for protective equiptment) |
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Definition
*Density,
*Strength,
*Rigidity or stiffness,
*conformability,
*self-adherence,
*durability,
*ease of fabrication,
*availability and cost |
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Term
| 8 Material Properties: Density |
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Definition
Refers to the weight compared to the volume of the material;
- for splinting, choose a material that has a low density while still performing the protective function |
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Term
| 8 Material Properties: Strength |
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Definition
| Maximum external stress or load that a material can withstand |
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Term
| 8 Material Properties: Rigidity or stiffness |
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Definition
Amount of bending or compression that occurs in response to a measured amount of applied stress;
"Modulus of Elasticity" (more modulus, more stiffness);
type of material and thickness affects rigidity |
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Term
| 8 Material Properties: Conformability |
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Definition
| Refers to ease with which material forms to fit the body part; ideally should conform to the body part |
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Term
| 8 Material Properties: Self-adherence |
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Definition
Refers to the strength with which the material bonds to itself;
- Velcro often ensures adherence |
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Term
| 8 Material Properties: Durability |
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Definition
| Refers to the material's ability to withstand repeated stress (relates to budget) |
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Term
| 8 Material Properties: Ease of fabrication |
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Definition
Refers to the time, equiptment, and skill needed to shape the material,
- need for heat source,
- need for specialized skills |
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Term
| 8 Material Properties: Availability and Cost |
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Definition
| These pose the greatest limitations to many athletic programs |
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Term
| Classification of materials: No-Heat (Layered) |
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Definition
| Tape, self-adherent wraps, fiberglass casting materials |
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Term
| Classification of materials: Low-Heat Products |
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Definition
Include rubber, plastic, and other elastics that become very flexible when heated;
- Hot water needed,
- heat actually breaks the bonds that keep the material rigid |
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Term
| Classification of materials: Moderate- and High- Temperature |
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Definition
| Not frequently used by clinicians; temperatures required can be dangerous |
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Term
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Definition
NOCSAE Certification (National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equiptment);
- Face Protection;
- Throat and Mouth Protection;
- Ear and Eye protection |
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Term
| Trunk and Thorax Protection |
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Definition
Importance of Chest Protection;
Football Shoulder pads;
Breast protection/support;
Rib protection;
Hip, buttocks and tail pads;
Jock straps/athletic supporters |
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Term
| Footwear and Ankle Supports |
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Definition
Shoes (orthotics);
Ankle braces;
shin guards;
heel cups |
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Term
| Illegal Equiptment (Basketball and Wrestling) |
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Definition
Must be covered;
*Basketball: nothing hard below elbow;
*Wrestling: cannot restrict normal motion of any joint |
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Term
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Definition
May save time;
Purchased devide may offer a better fit (although may not be perfect for everyone);
Cost |
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Term
| Construction of Protective Devices |
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Definition
**Soft Materials (neoprean, foam, ace wrap, padding);
T**hermoldable plastics (heat/no heat);
**Casting Materials |
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Term
| Art of Fabricating Splints: Must be able to do the following... |
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Definition
- Support tissues that have been injured;
- avoid areas of pressure;
- allow freedom of movement while
- providing sufficient restriction of the abnormal movement
* Practice will help improve skills |
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Term
| Art of Fabricating Splints: Goal of protective pads/splints... |
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Definition
*Immobilization for additional healing, dissipation of forces to the area;
*Splints/Pads should follow basic principles of immobilizing above and below site of injury;
*Must understand the anatomy to design an effective splint;
*Must undertand the properties of materials used to fabricate the splint |
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Term
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Definition
Knee Pads,
Knee braces,
Thigh supports |
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Term
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Definition
– Prophylactic knee braces
– Neoprene and elastic sleeves
– Patellofemoral braces
– Functional knee braces
– Rehabilitative knee braces |
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Term
| Summary of Protective devices |
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Definition
Athletic trainers should know how to select and properly fit protective equiptment for all parts of the body in a variety of sports;
- head protection, espeically the fitting, maintenance, and proper use of football helments should be a major liability and safety concern;
- how well od ankle and knee braces work?;
- know how to customize protective pads |
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Term
| Why are Standards for Equiptment important? |
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Definition
* Prevent companies from producing cheap equiptment;
*To ensure equiptment is satisfactory quality;
* Governing bodies estabilished to set necessary standards;
* Not only to protect users, but also spectators |
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Term
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Definition
ISO: International Organization for Standardization;
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE: Voluntary standards development organization;
CONSUMER PRODUCTS SAFETY COMISSION: Governmental regulatory agency that deals with safety of all products;
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS: Focus on testing material and products used in industry, recreation, and leisure
*All Usually Non-Profit |
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Term
| National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equiptment |
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Definition
NOCSAE;
Issues athletic equiptment standards;
"Gold Standard" for most sport helments;
Manufacturers, medical groups, school organizations, and equiptment manager groups take part in NOCSAE developments;
NOCSAE symbol means it meets standards for product design;
Sets standards for re-conditioners |
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Term
| Reconditioning and Maintenance |
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Definition
* Yearly inspection of all equiptment
* ATC, equiptment manager, or coach should inspect helment for structural safety |
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Term
| Reconditioning and Maintenance: NAERA |
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Definition
National Athletic Equiptment Re-conditioners Association
- inspects each helment for defects and deficiencies
- helmets clearly marked with test results |
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Term
| Agencies for Development of Sport Safety Rules |
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Definition
~ American Medical Association's Committee on the Medical Aspects of Sports
~ NCAA Committee on Competitive Safeguards
~ Establish policies and recommendations on safe sport participation |
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Term
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Definition
| A person seeking to blame someone other than him or herself for an injury or resulting condition |
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Term
| Legal Concerns: 7 Classifications |
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Definition
* Intentional harm to person
* Intential harm to tangible property
* Negligence ***
* Strict liability
* Nuisance
* Harm to tangible personal
* Harm to property interests |
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Term
| Legal Conerns: Liability (5 factors) |
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Definition
* Ignorance of the law
* Ignoring the law
* Failure to act
* Failure to warn
* Expense
~ If the circumstances indicate negligence, then a liability issue will result |
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Term
| Determination of Liability |
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Definition
- Assumption of risk
- Contributory negligence
- Parties names in lawsuit |
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Term
| Determination of Liability: Parties names in lawsuit... |
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Definition
~ Those who issue protective equiptment, provide medical care or coaching
~ Employer
~ "Deep-pocket" concept - who can pay, typically big company type
~ The doctrine of "Respondent Superior" - employer is responsible for actions of its employees |
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Term
| Product and Manufacturer Liability |
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Definition
* Facility or Playing Surface Problems - Manufacturers are held responsible for design, manufacturer and consumer support relates to the playing surface
* Sporting Equiptment - Products are expected to be safe for the purpose for which they were designed
* Improper Care or Modification of Manufactured Products
* Manufacturer's liability |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Body can't tolerate greater than __ % blood loss |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| No body fluid interaction, gloves, hand washing |
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Term
|
Definition
Friction Blister
Abrasion
Laceration
Skin Avulsion
Puncture Wound
Skin Bruise |
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Term
| Open Wounds: Friction Blister |
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Definition
| Continuous rubbing over surface of skin causes a collection of fluid below or within the epidermal layer |
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Term
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Definition
| Skin is scraped against rough surface; Epidermis and dermis are scraped away |
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Term
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Definition
| Wound in which the flesh has been irregularly torn |
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Term
| Open Wound: Skin Avulsion |
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Definition
| Skin that is torn by the same mechanism as a laceration to extent in which it is completely ripped from it's source |
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Term
| Open Wound: Puncture Wound |
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Definition
| Penetrations of the skin by a sharp object |
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Term
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Definition
aka Contusion
A blow compresses or crushes the skin surface and produces bleeding under the skin |
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Term
|
Definition
- Bruising
- Contusions
- Pain, tenderness, rigidity in abdomen
- Possible fractures and bruises to chest
- Vomiting or coughing up blood
- Bloody stools or blood in urine |
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Term
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Definition
- Multiple lacerations
- Wound length is longer than 1 inch
- Edges are not easily brought back together
- Excessive hemorrhaging
- Wound is extremely dirty
- Unknown date of last tetanus shot |
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Term
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Definition
- Make sure all instruments used are available and sterilizede
- Wash hands and use gloves, eye shield
- Clean/irrigate the wound with soap and water
- Physically remove any foreign particles
- Apply gauze
- Apply antiseptic
- Does the wound need closure strips? if not, apply ointment and over with bandage
- Instruct the athlete the next time they need the would to be cleaned |
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Term
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Definition
* Hepatitis and HIV (viruses)
* In the US, training is required for all employes who have the potential of coming into contact with human blood
- Vaccinations offered free of personal charge |
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Term
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Definition
| Occupational Safety and Health Association - published guidelines for preventing transmission of bloodborne pathogens |
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Term
| Bloodborne Pathogens: Potential Causes for Increased Risk of Exposure |
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Definition
- Blood and Certian body fluids of all patients is potentially infectious
- Blood, body fluids containing blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and synlvial fluid are pot infectious
- Having open wounds on care provider
- Having a compromised immune system |
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Term
| Bloodborne Pathogens: Appropriate Barriers to Transmission |
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Definition
| gloves, masks, goggles, gown |
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Term
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Definition
* Soiled cloth, gloves, and gauze to be disposed in Biohazard Bags
* Disposed according to strict guidelines |
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Term
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Definition
* Disposal of sharp instruments
* Dispose in a puncture resistant container |
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Term
| Bloodborne Pathogens: Transmission by... |
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Definition
* Behaviors
* Direct physical contact - skin to skin contact, be sure to clean soiled uniforms
* Direct contact with blood or bodily fluids (ex: recapping a needle)
* Indirect Contact is not likely
* Must report ALL exposures
* Every athlete deserves the best medical care possible ~ provide the best for the patient and yourself |
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Term
| First Aid and Emercency Care |
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Definition
* Time is a factor, can never be too prepared
* Must act reasonably
* Must have knowledge of:
- ABC's
- First Aid |
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Term
| First Aid and Emercency Care: Organizations |
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Definition
American Heart (2 years cert)
Red Cross (1 year cert) |
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Term
| First Aid and Emercency Care: Primary Survey |
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Definition
Determine only life threatening situation: breathing severe bleeding, head/neck injury, seizures, heat injury
- Assess the scene
- Check level of consciousness (alert, verbal, pain, unresponsive)
- Check ABC's (look, listen feel; severe bleeding, equiptment removal, CPR)
- Obstructed airway?
- Call EMS |
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Term
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Definition
- Direct Pressure
- Splint area
- Arteriol Pressure
- Turniquet |
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Term
| First Aid and Emercency Care: Secondary Survey |
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Definition
* Assess spine and extremities (need to be immobilized or splinted? obvious orthopedic deformity?)
* Question the athlete
* May need to take off the field
* Check vital signs: BP, Pulse, skin color, body/skin temp, respiration, pupils |
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Term
| On-Field Injury Inspection |
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Definition
- Determine injury severity and transportation from field
- Must use logical process to adequately evaluate extent of trauma
- Knowledge of mechanisms of injury and major signs and symptoms are critical
- Once the mechanism has been determined, specific information can be gathered concerning the affected area
- Gently palpate to aid in determining nature of injury |
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Term
| On-Field Injury Inspection: Decisions can be made with regards to... |
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Definition
- Seriousness of injury
- Type of first aid and immobilization
- Whether condition require immediate referral to physician for further assessment
- Manner of transportation from injury site to sidelines, training room, or hospital |
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Term
|
Definition
- Latex or Vinyl gloves
- Screw driver
- Trainer's angel (FM extractor)
- Spine board
- Emergency splints and slings
- Sterile Gauze and bandages
- Pocket mask
- Trauma bag & athletic trainers kit
- Defribrillator (AED)
- Oropharyngeal Airway
- Bag-Valve mask
- Supplemental Oxygen |
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Term
| Moving and Transporting Injured Athletes |
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Definition
* Must be executed with techniques that will not result in additional injury
* No excuse for poor handling
* Planning is necessary and practice is essential
* Additional equipment may be required |
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Term
| Special Emergency Situations |
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Definition
* Sudden illness - signs: flushed, dizzy, perspiration, weak, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea; know potential conditions of athlete
* Athletes with diabetes - high vs. low blood glucose; first offer: sugar source (no fat)
* Athletes with bronchospasm - provide inhaler; monitor
* Sickle Cell Crisis - signs: pain, weakness, unusual fatigue, chest pain
* Epilepsy - seisure; provide safe area
* Heart Conditions |
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Term
| Factors in Creating an Emergency Action Plan |
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Definition
* Awareness of community health care delivery system (availabilities and capabilities, first responder, EMT)
* Location of facility
* Type of transportation
* 911
* Personnel
* Modes of communication (cell phones, walkie talkies, pagers, local lines)
* Areas of access (locked doors/gates; vehicular accessible; easy to find/need directions |
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Term
| Factors in Creating an Emergency Action Plan: Specific sport venue requirements |
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Definition
- Indoor vs. outdoor
- Type of terrain
- Vehicular acessible
- Weather conditions |
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Term
| Factors in Creating an Emergency Action Plan: Understanding the flow of communication |
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Definition
- Director of Sports Medicine/Head Athletic Trainer
- Assistand Athletic Trainers
- Athletic Training Students
- Coaches |
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Term
| Additional Factors for Emergency Action Plan |
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Definition
* Age of athlete (<18)
* Parent notification
* Institute policies (personnel training)
* Seriousness of injury
* Religious beliefs
* Record keeping |
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Term
| Emergency Action Plan: Legal and Ethical Issues |
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Definition
* Consent
* Negligence
* Know when to refer for further care |
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Term
| Sports Injuries: Acute (7) |
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Definition
Fractures
Contusions
Ligament Sprains
Muscle Strains
Dislocation/Subluxations
Muscle Soreness
Nerve Injuries |
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Term
|
Definition
Tendinitis
Tenosynovitis
Bursitis
Osteoarthritis |
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Term
| Sports Injury: Acute vs. Chronic |
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Definition
Acute - short, quick injuries
Chronic - long period of time (end in -itis) |
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Term
| Acute Sport Injuries: Fracture |
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Definition
*Anatomy (ephiphysis, diaphysis, ephiphysis)
*Open vs. Closed: open breaks thru skin, closed inside skin
*Different kinds of forces can contribute to a fracture: tension, compressiong, bending, twisting, shear |
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Term
|
Definition
- Deformity
- Pain with movement
- Contusion, swelling
- Point tenderness |
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Term
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Definition
MORE OF A CHRONIC INJURY!
*Results from overuse
*Common sites: long bone, lower waist; weight bearing
*Biggest problem is doesn't always show up on x-ray
* May become true fractures if not treated properly |
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Term
|
Definition
* aka BRUISE
* MOI (method of injury) - direct blow
* Major problem is occurrence in area subjected to repeated blows |
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Term
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Definition
| A bruise gets hit repeatedly and calcium deposits in muscle at that spot and builds up and gets painful |
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Term
| Sports Injury: Ligament Sprain |
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Definition
* Involves damage to a ligament that provides support to a joint
* Injury likely to occur when a joint is forced beyond normal ranges of motion... overstretching, hyperextension type movements |
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Term
|
Definition
Joint - a space between bones that ARTICULATE with each other ("articular cartiliage")
Ligament - bone to bone, support and stabilize undesirable or excessive motion; usually tough and inelastic |
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Term
| Grades of a Sprain: Grade I |
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Definition
- stretching and separation of ligament fibers
- mild/moderate pain, localized swelling, joint stiffness |
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Term
| Grades of a Sprain: Grade II |
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Definition
- tearing and separation of ligament fibers with moderate instability
- moderate/severe pain, swelling, joint stiffness |
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Term
| Grades of a Sprain: Grade III |
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Definition
- total tearing of ligament which leads to major instability
- severe pain to little/no pain
- great amount of swelling
- instability may require surgical repair |
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Term
|
Definition
Muscles are composed of fibers that are capable of simultaneous contractions when stimulated by the CNS
* STRAIN: Occurs if muscle is overstretched or forces to contract against too much resistance, separation or tearing of muscle |
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Term
|
Definition
- some fibers have been stretched or torn
- some tenderness/pain with active ROM; movement painful, full ROM possible |
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Term
|
Definition
- number of muscle fibers have been torn
- active contraction is extremely painful
- palpable depression or divot
- some swelling and discoloration possible |
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Term
| Muscle Strains: Grade III |
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Definition
- complete rupture of a muslce in area of muscle belly at point which muscle becomes tendon
- significatn impairment and total loss of motion
- pain intense at first |
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Term
Dislocation vs. Subluxation:
DISLOCATION |
|
Definition
- occurs when at least one bone in an articulation is forced out of its normal and proper alignment and stays out until its put back into place
- deformity almost always apparent
- first time must be treated as a possible fracture
- Most common: fingers, shoulder, elbows, patella |
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Term
Dislocation vs. Subluxation:
SUBLUXATION |
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Definition
- similiar to a dislocation except that a bone pops out of its normal articulation but then goes right back into place
- common sites: shoulder, patella
- causes stretched soft tissue structures |
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Term
|
Definition
- Caused by overexertion in strenuous muscular exercise
* Two types:
~ Acute-onset muscle soreness
~ Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS)
- How to prevent: Stretching, Ice, hydration, ease into exercise |
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Term
|
Definition
| - Nerve injuries usually involve either compression or tension |
|
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Term
|
Definition
- Inflammation of a nerve
- Chronic nerve problem caused by a variety of forces that usually have been repeated or continued for a long time |
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Term
|
Definition
- Inflammation of a tendon
- Tendon: tough band of connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
- Tendon becomes irritated if a particular movement is performed repeatedly |
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Term
|
Definition
- Inflammation of a tendon and its synovial sheath (synovial sheath reduces friction on movement)
- Occurs most commonly in the long flexor tendons of the fingers (trigger finger)
- Treatment same as tendinitis |
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Term
|
Definition
*Bursa - pieces of synovial membrane that contain a small amount of fluid
*Occurs in joint where there is friction between tendon and bone, skin and bone, or muscle or other muscles
*Most common bursae to be irritated: patella, tibia |
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Term
|
Definition
*A wearing down of articular or hyaline cartilage of a joint
*Degeneration result of repeated trauma to joints and tendons, ligaments, and fasciae surrounding the joint
*Most commonly effects: hips, knees, spine, shoulders
*Symptoms: Pain and stiffness
*Treatments: now have injection stuff (hyleronic acid) |
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Term
|
Definition
*Evaluation vs. Diagnosis - Athletic trainers cannot by law make a diagnosis
*Basic knowledge requirements:Human anatomy, Biomechanics, Understanding the sport
*Why evaluate? so you can provide best and appropriate care |
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Term
| Injury Assessment: Primary vs. Secondary Survey |
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Definition
*Primary: ABC's, Consciousness, Severe bleeding
*Secondary: Vital signs, On-field vs. Off-field assessment; Treatment (PRICE) |
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Term
| Off-Field Injury Assessment: HOPS |
|
Definition
History
Observation/Inspection
Palpation
Stress/Special Tests |
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Term
|
Definition
- Subjective in nature
- Ask pertinent questions: How? Where? When? What?
- Relavant sounds/sensations: pops, snaps, crackling
- Pain level and Type of Pain
- Mechanism/Pathology
- Primary Complaint?
- Able to continue?
- Previous injury?*
~ If yes, surgery or treatment |
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Term
| HOPS: Observation/Inspection |
|
Definition
- Survey the scene, compare
- Look at traumatized area and surrounding areas
- Look bilaterally
- Objective in nature |
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Term
HOPS: Observation/Inspection
LOOK FOR... |
|
Definition
swelling
discoloration (ecchymosis)
surface wounds
deformities
notice of painful expresssions
redness
altered gait |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Start away from injury
- Gain the confidence of individual
- Bilateral comparison
- Objective in nature |
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|
Term
HOPS: Palpation
ORDER AND FEEL FOR... |
|
Definition
*Order: bones, muscle, tendons, ligaments
*Feel for:
- swelling
- point tenderness
- heat
- deformity
- symmetry
- crepitus |
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Term
|
Definition
*ROM
- active ROM
- passive ROM
- resistive ROM
*Orthopedic Special Tests
*Neurological Tests
*Circulatory Tests
*Functional Tests |
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|
Term
HOPS: Stress Tests
RANGE OF MOTION (ROM) |
|
Definition
*Active ROM
- gravity induced
- strength level of individual
- guarding
- 1-5 grading scale
* Passive ROM
- hard to get them to relax
*Resistive ROM/Manual Muscle Tests
- Full ROM or "Break test"
- Appropriate hand placement
- Proper resistance
- Strength level of individual |
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|
Term
HOPS: Special Tests
ORTHOPEDIC SPECIAL TESTS |
|
Definition
- Apply a stress to isolate a specific structure or function
- Re-create mechanism
- Tests are unique to each joint, structure, or body part
- Understanding what each test "tests" for |
|
|
Term
HOPS: Special Tests
NEUROLOGICAL TESTS |
|
Definition
*Dermatome (cranial nerves) - sensory testing
*Testing: Sensory, Motor, Reflex
*Cranial nerves (I-XII)
*Plexus: Brachial Plexus and Lumbar Plexus
*Reflex testing: patella, bicep, achilles |
|
|
Term
HOPS: Special Tests
CIRCULATORY TESTS |
|
Definition
* Evaluation of circulatory flow
* Understand each test and their outcomes (eg capillary refill test) |
|
|
Term
HOPS: Special Tests
FUNCTIONAL TESTING |
|
Definition
* Able to perform tasks toward specific sport
* Progressive |
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|
Term
| Injury Assessment: Plan of Care |
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Definition
- Immediate Care
- Severity
- Medical attention (referrals)
- Treatment
- Rehabilitation
- Return to competition |
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Term
Injury Assessment: Plan of Care
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS |
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Definition
| the prospect of having 2 different injuries |
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Term
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Definition
A system to effectively document and record subjective and objective findings and develop a treatment plan for the athlete
* SOAP
- Subjective
- Objective
- Assessment
- Plan
*Progress notes whould be routinely recorded |
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Term
| Injury Assessment Summary |
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Definition
* Athletic trainers make evaluations and assessments
* Certain fundamental knowledge necessary
* A systematic approach (HOPS)
* SOAP Notes and Progress notes needed |
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Term
Enviornmental Conditions:
TEMPERATURE REGULATION AND EXCHANGE OF HEAT |
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Definition
*Internal and External perception of heat
*Core temperature
- Temperature of interual systems regulated in the brain
- Can be affected by increasing the heat production or increasing the heat dissipation
- Very precise!
*Internal sources of heat |
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Term
Enviornmental Conditions:
TEMPERATURE REGULATION AND EXCHANGE OF HEAT: Basal vs. Exercise Metabolism |
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Definition
*Basal Metabolism - number of calories a person expands while at rest
*Exercise Metabolism - same as basal but while exercising |
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Term
Enviornmental Conditions:
TEMPERATURE REGULATION |
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Definition
*Core temp. changes during illness
- affected by fever
- range of acceptable temperature shifted
*Altering body temperature
- sweat glands
- smooth muscle of the blood vessels
- skeletal muscles
- endocrine glands |
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Term
Enviornmental Conditions:
TEMPERATURE REGULATION Reactions to Heat |
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Definition
*Increased heart rate
- CV system must pump blood to skin for cooling
- Heart beats more frequently
*Decreased energy levels
- Increased O2 uptake
- Glycogen in muscle is used up and lactate build up
*Increased sweating
- Leads to decreased blood volume
- Loss of fluid from body and blood |
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Term
Enviornmental Conditions:
COOLING MECHANISMS |
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Definition
*Conduction - transfer thru touch; 2 step:core to skin, skin to another surface; ALWAYS warmer to cooler
*Convection - transfer thru median around object (air, water)
*Evaporation - transfer of water to gas requires energy so takes heat with it (not as effective in humidity)
*Radiation - electromagnetic waves |
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Term
Enviornmental Conditions:
ADAPTING TO ENVIORNMENTAL HEAT |
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Definition
Acclimatization (appx 2-3 weeks)
- Physiological adaptation to enviornmental conditions such as temperature and humidity
- A sudden increase in intensity at the same time as a sudden change in enviornmental conditions could prove too mujch for body to handle
- Sport, attire, and geographic location may affect acclimatization |
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Term
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Definition
-Rehydration is essential
-Thirst is perceived long after need for water has become critical
-Plans for maintaining body fluids during practices and competitions
-Monitoring hydration by weight:
~ assess weight before and after
~ observe athletes who may be more prone
~ typical loss= 1-2% body weight
-Monitor hydration status by urine color |
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Term
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Definition
| little black instrument, measure air temperature and relative humidity |
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Term
| Heat Illness: Hyperthermia |
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Definition
| - elevated body temp, too hot |
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Term
| Heat Illness: Heat Snycope |
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Definition
- Blood volume decreases
- Body unable to pump sufficient blood to the brain |
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Term
| Heat Illness: Exertional Hypotension |
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Definition
| Large muscle groups engorged with blood, exercise stops, and blood pools to extremities |
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Term
| Treatment for Heat Illness |
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Definition
| Hydrate, rest, shade, sit down |
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Term
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Definition
- Painful spasm of major muscles being exercised
- Result from water loss and from imbalance between sodium and potassium
- Legs and abdomen most commonly affected
- Treatments: get Potassium and Sodium, ice, stretch, cool, hydrate |
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Term
| Heat Exhaustion (more intense than cramps but less than heat stroke) |
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Definition
- Headache, dizziness, nausea, rapid breathing, exhaustion
- Results from prolonged sweating without proper rehydration
- Treatment: cool body, rest, remove equiptment, rehydrate |
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Term
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Definition
- Same symptoms as heat exhaustion, with addition of cessation of sweating, disorientation, and fainting or unconsciousness
- Most serious heat illness
- Can cause brain damage, shock, death
- Occurs when body's thermoregulatory system stops working
- Skin will be warm and dry, no liquid
- Most often occurs in high temperature with high humidity
- Treatment: Vigorous famming, Ice packs on neck, groin, and armpits
- Physican must be notified - ER |
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Term
| Prevention of Heat Illness |
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Definition
*Monitor Enviornmental Conditions
- Take on-location temp and humidity readings prior to practices and contests
- Heat index
*Monitor athlete's weight loss
*Promote good hydration habits
- hyponatremia
- sports drinks vs water |
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Term
| Cold Enviornments: HYPOTHERMIA |
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Definition
- Occurs when the core temperature gets too low (drops to 90-95deg)
- Age, medical condition, and ingestions of drugs or poison can increase ill effects of cold
- Wet conditions intensify effects
- At 90, body stops shivering
- At 85, lose coordination, body goes into neutral
- Treatment: get out of cold, take off clothes, warm water |
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Term
Common Cold Injuries:
Factors that influence severity |
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Definition
*Usually affect extremities - nose, ears, hands, feet and toes
*Factors:
- Length of exposure time
- Combination of temp and wind effects
- Previous cold injury
- Impaired circulation
- Wet garments |
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Term
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Definition
*Frost Nip (Chilblains)
*Frostbite (Superficial and Deep)
- hard, pale and cold skin
- loss of feeling and sensation
- discolored, waxy skin appearance
- may include blisters and blue skin
*Deep cold injuries are rare in athletes
*Windchill factor |
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Term
| Prevention of Cold Injuries |
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Definition
- Layer clothing
- Cover head
- Protect hands
- Stay dry and hydrated
- Warm up throughly
- Warm incoming air |
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Term
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Definition
*Lightning strikes causing injury or death
*Flash-to-bang Method of Detection NCAA
- Number of seconds from lightning flach until thunder heard/5 = 1 mile
- 30 seconds ~ inherent danger (6 mi)
- 15 seconds ~ leave field immediately
*Move to a safe location
*Reassess the hazard |
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Term
Lightning Safety:
Location and surroundings |
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Definition
*Stay out of open fields during storms
*Do not take shelter under trees
*Wait 20-30 mintues after last thunder or lightning to return to competition
*Stay clear from water
*Stay clear of metal objects (golf clubs, bleachers, umbrellas) |
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Term
| Additional Enviornmental Concerns |
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Definition
*Altitude Sickness
*Facilities and Equiptment
- Inspection of the area
- Note physical obstructions
*Disease-transmitting organisms in facilities and on equiptment
- Identification
- Disinfections-Universal Precautions |
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Term
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Definition
* Carbohydrates
* Proteins
* Fats
* Vitamins
* Minerals
* Water |
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Term
| Energy Nutrients: Carbohydrates (CHOs) |
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Definition
* #1 energy source of the body
* 4 Kcal/gr
* Simple and Complex
- Simple ~ sugars, mono and disaccharides, fruid, sugar, candy
- Complex ~ polysaccarides, pasta, brown rice, whole grains, potatoes
* Glycemic index
~ High - quick break down
~ Low - take a long time to break down |
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Term
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Definition
* Major role is energy
* 9 Kcal/gr
* Cell membranes, protection, insulation
* Saturated (bad), Unsaturated (better), Trans fatty acids
* Essential Fats: Linoleic, Linolenic
* Heart uses fat as energy source
* 98% of energy in body stored as fat |
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Term
| Energy Nutrients: Proteins |
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Definition
* 3rd source of energy
* 4 Kcal/gr
* Repairing and building all of the body's tissues - not stored (excessive protein converted into sugar for use)
* Amino acids (22 total, 9 essent)
- Essential, body does not create, must come thru diet
* Complete (animal) [has essential] and Incomplete (plant) |
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Term
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Definition
60% Carbs
25% Fats
15% Proteins |
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Term
Non-Energy Nutrients: Vitamins
B-Vitamins |
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Definition
*Water-soluble
*Aid in energy metabolism and some cell formation
*Green leafy veggies, dairys, meats
*DEF: exhaustion
- only absorbed where large and small intestine meet |
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Term
Non-Energy Nutrients: Vitamins
Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) |
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Definition
*Water-soluble
*Anti-ozident/Immune system
*Fruits and vegetables, juices
*DEF: Scurvy, muscle degeration |
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Term
Non-Energy Nutrients: Vitamins
Vitamin A/Beta Carotene |
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Definition
*Fat-soluble
*Anti-oxident
*Fish, milk, eggs, carrots, broccoli
*DEF: Night blindness |
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Term
Non-Energy Nutrients: Vitamins
Vitamin D |
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Definition
*Fat-soluble
*Aids in calcium absorption\
*Naturally made in presence of sun; milk, liver, fish, eggs, butter
*DEF: loss of bone mass, low blood calcium |
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Term
Non-Energy Nutrients: Vitamins
Vitamin E |
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Definition
*Fat-soluble
*Anti-oxident; protext RBCs
*Fish, whole wheat, sunflower seads, oils
*DEF: hemolysis, low red blood cell count |
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Term
Non-Energy Nutrients: Vitamins
Vitamin K |
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Definition
*Fat-soluble
*Blood clotting
*Green leafy veggies, dairy, meats
*Hemorrhaging |
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Term
Non-Energy Nutrients: Minerals
Calcium |
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Definition
*Bone and teeth formation, muscle contraction
*Dairy, salmon, broccoli
*DEF: Osteoporosis, fractures easily |
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Term
Non-Energy Nutrients: Minerals
Iron |
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Definition
*Myoglobin, hemoglobin transport of oxygen
*Meats, fortified cereals, soybeans, potatoes, spinach
*DEF: Anemia, weakness, poor cold tolerance |
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Term
Non-Energy Nutrients: Minerals
Zinc |
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Definition
*Enzyme function, growth, and learning behaviors
*Beef, lamb, chicken, spinach, milk |
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Term
Non-Energy Nutrients: Minerals
Sodium |
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Definition
*Electrolyte, muscle contraction
*Diet usually does not lack |
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Term
Non-Energy Nutrients: Minerals
Potassium |
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Definition
*Electrolyte
*Bananas, citrus fruits, veggies, milk
*DEF: Muscle weakness |
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Term
| Non-Energy Nutrients: WATER |
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Definition
*Thirst mechanism triggered after 1-2% loss of body weight
*Loss of 4% of body wt. to sweat causes muscle weakness
*Normal Consumption
- .5oz/lb body wt/day for avg activity
- .7oz/lb body wt/day for high act |
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Term
| New MyPyramid food guidance system released WHAT YEAR and BY WHO? |
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Definition
USDA released new system in 2005
- Provides recommendations for making food choices that will improve that quality of the average American diet |
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Term
| Food Guide Pyramid Themes |
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Definition
* Variety
* Proportionality
* Moderation
* Activity |
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Term
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Definition
*Inc intake of vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, and other essential nutrient
*Lowered intake of saturated fats, trans fats, and cholesterol
*Inc intake of fruits, veggies, and whole grains
*Calorie intake balanced with energy needs to prevent weight gain and promote healthy weight |
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Term
| Food Guide Pyramid: Key Concepts |
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Definition
- Balance calorie intake from foods and beverages with caliries expended
- Engage in regular physical activity and resuce sedentary activities
- Make at least half of the total grains eaten whole grains
- Eat recommended amounds of vegetables, and choose a variety
- Eat recommended amounds of fruit, and choose a variety of fruits each day |
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Term
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Definition
*Anatomy of MyPyramid
*My Pyramid Plan
- Enter age, sex, and physical activity level
- Results
- Meal tracking worksheet
* My Pyramid Tracker |
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Term
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Definition
*Must consume more calories than expended on daily basis
* Ways to inc caloric intake: typically inc carb, watch sug and fat
*Weight gain will generally be slow |
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Term
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Definition
*No quick fix (fast usually water loss)
*Appx. 2 lbs/week
*Must expend more calories than consumed [1 lb = 3200 kcal]
*Artificial inc in energy level to increase weight loss is dangerous |
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Term
| Pre-Competition Meals: Purpose |
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Definition
*Ward off feelings of hunger and weakness
*Provide energy and nutrients to prevent a decrease in blood sugar at the start of activity
*Provide a psychological edge and feeling of well-being for activity |
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Term
| Pre-Competition Meals: Composition |
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Definition
*Moderate to High amounts of complex Carbs
*Moderate amounts of Protein
*Low in simple sugars
*Low in fat
*Lots of fluids
*Familiar foods |
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Term
| Pre-Competition Meals: Timing |
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Definition
*3-4 hrs for large meal
*2-3 hrs for small meal
*1-2 hrs for liquid meal
*45 mins - an hr for a snack
*Do not eat between 10 and 45 minutes before activity
*Try to include 3 diff food groups in the meal |
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Term
| Post-Competition Meals: Purpose |
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Definition
*Restore fluids
*Replenishes energy nutrients
*Repairs tissues
*Strengthens immune function
*Increases quality of future performance
*Improves overall health |
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Term
Post-Competition Meals:
The Sooner, The Better |
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Definition
*Try to consume 200-300 calories of high CHO/moderate protein following your workout
- large bagel with pb
- banana and yogurt
- slimfast/boost |
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Term
| Post-Competition Meals: Protein |
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Definition
*15-25 grams soon after exercise
*Aim to consume a full meal within 2 hours
*Meats, dairy, eggs, nuts, soy |
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Term
| Post-Conpetition Meals: Rehydration |
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Definition
*2-3 cups of fluid for every pound lost
*Drinking: water, juices, milk
*Eating: watery foods like soup, fruits, and vegetables |
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Term
| Special Nutritional Concerns: Fractures |
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Definition
*Fractures
- Stress fractures associated with low calcium levels
- Osteoporosis (Low bone density)
- Nutrition: good source of calcium, foods that reduce the absorption of calcium (alc, caff, salt) |
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Term
| Special Nutritional Concerns: Nutritional Deficiences |
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Definition
*Specific Deficiencies
- Iron (anemia)
- Scurvy (Vit C)
- Rickets (Vit D) |
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Term
| Special Nutritional Concerns: Diabetes |
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Definition
- Monitor glucose levels
- Be prepared for low blood sugar
- Must be educated and persistant
- Match insulin to food (CHO) consumption |
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Term
| Special Nutritional Concerns: Vitamins |
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Definition
*Growth and Repair Process
- Poor wound healing
- Frequent injury
- Frequent illness
- Potential for nutritional involvement |
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Term
| SOAP: Whats in each section |
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Definition
*Subjective - History, how, what, sounds, sensations, previous injury, continue
*Objective - inspection, swelling, bilateral comparison, palpation, swelling, heat, start away from injury, special tests, ROM
*Assessment - decision on evaluation, what is wrong?
*Plan - what to do with the athlete for recovery, treatment, rehab |
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Term
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Definition
*Measure standing with crutches 6" from side of shoe and 2" in front of shoe
*1" between acilla and pad
*Elbows flexed to 20 degrees |
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Term
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Definition
*NWB - tripod swing
*PWB - crutches forward and walk btw
*Upstairs - good leg first
*Downstairs - crutches first |
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