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Intro To Speech Hearing Science Exam I
Sound waves
184
Science
Undergraduate 4
02/10/2010

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Term
aperiodic wave
Definition
a wave in which individual cycles do not take the same amount of time to occur.
Term
periodic
Definition
A wave in which every cycle takes the same amount of time to occur as every other cycle, and in which the extent of the pressure changes (ie the amplitude) is equal for all cycles
Term
phonation
Definition
the generation of voice resulting from air from the lungs pushing through closed vocal folds.
Term
Phonatory processes
Definition
the functions exhibited in control of the breath stream for voiced or unvoiced signals.
Term
unvoiced
Definition

If a signal is ___, the sound is generated by turbulence caused by air flowing through a restricted space or by a point of closure in the vocal tract suddenly opening to release air.

Term
turbulent
Definition

The phoneme /f/ has a ______ sound source while the phoneme /p/ is created by the sudden release of a pulse of air.

Term
source characteristics
Definition
Aspects of phonation and respiration.
Term
phonation and respiration
Definition
the two functions that work together to provide the power for sound in the form of airflow and the valve that causes surrounding air to vibrate.
Term
transfer characteristics
Definition
aspects of the sound that are due primarily to the effects of articulation and resonation.
Term
no, they are simultaneous and interdependent
Definition

 

Do source and transfer functions function independently?

Term
spectrum
Definition
picture of sound
Term
waveform
Definition
visual representation of what the sound looks like; shows pressure by time
Term
Pressure
Definition
How much it compresses the medium (which in most cases is air, though the medium can also be water) it shows it shows that happens across time as the sound comes out
Term
Loudness
Definition
_____ is the subject of correlate, which means we experience it subjectively.
Term
sustained vowels, consonants, continuants
Definition
What can be viewed with a Discrete Line Spectrum?
Term
sustained vowels, consonants, continuants
Definition
What can be viewed with a Continuous Line Spectrum?
Term
Continuous Line Spectrum
Definition
Spectrum that tries to measure the amplitude at every frequency available
Term
Continuous Spectrum
Definition
Gives you the shape of one sound; it doesn't measure at every single frequency, but gives more of an average
Term
3d Spectrum
Definition
You can measure anything with this type of spectrum.
Term
The darkness
Definition
In a 3d spectrum, what shows you the amplitude?
Term
yes
Definition

Are you able to look at connected speech with a 3d spectrum?

Term
-Diaphragm contracts (flattens) -External Intercostals rotate up and out and the diaphragm expands -Air flows in by pressure difference in lung muscles -Relaxation via gravity, pressure -Diaphragm pops back up (due to elasticity)
Definition
Explain the process of inhalation
Term
vital capacity
Definition
measured by max volume of air exhaled after max inhalation the max amt you can exchange voluntarily in a maximum breath; measured on a respiramoter.
Term
phonation volume
Definition
measured on respiramoter when you're voicing (how much air you use to produce voice). You will look at mean flow rate.
Term
High mean flow rate
Definition
sounds strangled
Term
louder
Definition
The more displacement, the _______ the sound and the more intensity.
Term
acoustics
Definition
Study of sound; branch of physics; study of perception, transmission and reception, how sound is made, how it travels and how it is received.
Term
sound
Definition
potentially anything that vibrates
Term
Frequency
Definition
The number of cycles completed in a given time; you must move through all of the stages
Term
Intensity
Definition
How far the wave is displaced; displacement from rest
Term
Inertia
Definition
Force that makes you not move, body in motion wants to stay in motion, and the body at rest wants to stay at rest. it keeps you going.
Term
elasticity
Definition
brings air molecules back after displacement; everything has some degree of this
Term
Air/Sound Pressure
Definition
Force that acts perpendicularly on a surface.
Term
Energy
Definition
Amount of force applied to move object and the distance moved.
Term
Rarefaction
Definition
air molecules bouncing back and moving away from each other
Term
Work
Definition
Energy expended when object is moved from rest, velocity of movement affects amounts of work
Term
power
Definition
energy expended in time unit.
Term
flow
Definition
movement of air.
Term
Volume velocity
Definition
how far, how far
Term
density
Definition
if you decrease space, you increase _______.
Term
Rarefaction
Definition
If you decrease pressure, what occurs?
Term
Sound Propagation
Definition
Movement away from a source; transmission of sound
Term
1130 ft/sec
Definition
Speed of sound.
Term
1. displacement 2. elasticity 3. inertia
Definition
Name the stages of vibration.
Term
Velocity
Definition
Speed of movement; how fast the sound is traveling
Term
acceleration
Definition
change in speed/velocity
Term
Damping
Definition
What stops the vibration; resistance to movement or the amplitude of movement.
Term
Frequency
Definition
Objective measurement of movement
Term
Cycle
Definition
One complete movement through stages of vibration.
Term
Period
Definition
How long it takes to move through all of the phases.
Term
Pitch
Definition
Subjective/Perceptual Correlate
Term
1/Period
Definition
Frequency calculation
Term
1/freq
Definition
period calculation
Term
No
Definition
Will the period ever change if you have a pure tone?
Term
Yes; when moving through the point of rest
Definition
Does velocity vary during a cycle?
Term
elasticity
Definition
Brings us back
Term
inertia
Definition
moves us past the max displacement
Term
faster
Definition
The greater the displacement, the ______ the vocal folds snap back together.
Term
More
Definition
Does yelling make you displace your VFs more or less?
Term
Tensed; the cricothyroid makes the VFs longer
Definition
When you go to a higher pitch, the VFs are... how?
Term
Quasirandom
Definition
Unable to see a pattern
Term
Periodic
Definition
Each cycle identical to the one before. One thing vibrating at one frequency.
Term
F
Definition
In speech we have completely periodic sounds. T/F?
Term
Quasiperiodic
Definition
can detect a repetitious cycle in; for example: vowels, nasals (because they're voiced--only if they're normal)
Term
Aperiodic
Definition
No pattern at all; completely different. Can't predict what it will look like--Random vibration
Term
Transient Sound
Definition
Has one cycle; tends to be impact sounds (Ex: door slamming)
Term
Random
Definition
In speech--Stops, fricatives, (voiceless)
Term
Whispering
Definition
Give an example of Random Vibration.
Term
Simple
Definition
One frequency; ex: pure tone
Term
Complex
Definition
More than one thing vibrating or different parts of that one thing vibrating
Term
Complex
Definition
Most sound is _______.
Term
Phase
Definition
Can be illustrated in waveform; how far that particle is from where it started.
Term
Increases; decreases
Definition
As frequency ______, wavelength _______.
Term
add; interfere
Definition
If two vibrations share a space their phases can cause them to _____ or _____ with each other.
Term
In-phase
Definition
Amplitude combines
Term
Out -of-phase
Definition
Amplitudes interfere
Term
Interference
Definition
When a vibration is damped it won't let the signal vibrate where desired
Term
Erg
Definition
Force to move an object 1 cm. Measured in dynes.
Term
Dyne
Definition
Force to move 1 gm. from rest to speed of 1 cm/sec within 1 sec.
Term
Work
Definition
Energy expended when object is moved from rest, velocity of movement affects this.
Term
Compression
Definition
Area of positive pressure.
Term
Energy
Definition
Amount of force applied to move object and the distance moved
Term
microbar
Definition
1 dyne/cm^2
Term
Flow
Definition
movement of air
Term
laminar flow
Definition
smooth and unobstructed
Term
sound propagation
Definition
movement away from a source; transmission of sound
Term
turbulent flow
Definition
disturbed; something is in the way; noisier, your ear can hear the difference, not as smooth flowing.
Term
density
Definition
How close the molecules are together; condensed/compressed
Term
Amplitude
Definition
Damping only affects...
Term
MFR
Definition
How much air is going through the VF with vibration; tells us about phonation; you're dealing with VFs
Term
VVI
Definition
How efficiently you use your vocal cords to produce voice; balance between breathing and VFs
Term
MPPT
Definition
No norm-we calculate this but we don't interpret it.
Term
PT/MPPT
Definition
You don't want the number 1 as your ratio. We'd like it to be .8 but you can range from the .7 area-.9 area
Term
nasal cavity; oral cavity; everything above the VFs
Definition
What structures are major dampers?
Term
Inverse Square Law
Definition
Calculates decrease in intensity as distance from a sound
Term
decreases
Definition
Intensity ______ as a function of the square of the distance from the source (double the distance, 1/4 the intensity).
Term
Decibel
Definition
Unit used to measure the change in pressure in the medium or the power expended to move molecules.
Term
no, it is logrhythmic
Definition
Is a decibel linear? if no, what is it?
Term
double
Definition
If two things are vibrating in the same environment they will ______ the amplitude.
Term
6 dB
Definition
When you have two in-phase, identical waves, double the amplitude and increase the dB level by ___.
Term
Fundamental frequency
Definition
In a complex wave, one with the lowest frequency. The longest wavelength; How many times the whole VFs open and close within a second.
Term
Harmonics
Definition
whole number multiples of the fundamental frequency.
Term
Fourier Analysis
Definition
A mathematical procedure to identify the component sine waves in a complex periodic wave.
Term
Complex periodic wave
Definition
What type of wave does voice create?
Term
There is not an f0, it's aperiodic/random
Definition
What is the fundamental frequency if you're whispering?
Term
skin, mucous membrane, 3 layers, muscle
Definition
what are the VFs composed of?
Term
More
Definition
Does the covering of the VFs vibrate more or less when they're tense?
Term
Respiration
Definition
Power source-displaces VFs and continues to power; resists damping forces
Term
Phonation
Definition
f0 and harmonic
Term
Turbulence
Definition
narrowing airway; no f0
Term
Inverse Square Law
Definition
As you double the distance away from you, you cut the distance by 1/2. You are cutting the intensity. Rather, the dynes per cm^2 is dropping, which is measuring the change in air pressure which is measuring the energy.
Term
female: 70-150 cc/sec
male: 80-160 cc/sec
Definition
What are the MFR norms for males and females?
Term
Female: 45-120
Male: 50-130
Definition
What are the MFR norms for children?
Term
No
Definition
Do we interpret VC or MPPT?
Term
See if it's 80% of predicted.
Definition
What do we do with VC?
Term
Increase air flow, glottal resistance, and sub-glottal pressure
Definition
How do we increase our loudness?
Term
Increase Sub-glottal pressure, longitudinal tension, and medial compression
Definition
How do we increase pitch?
Term
Children
Definition
Who has the shortest VFS? Women or children?
Term
loudness
Definition
As you increase pitch, if done correctly, you should increase _______.
Term
lower pitch, loosen vfs.
Definition
How do you make your voice sound more rough?
Term
Don't close VFs so tightly
Definition
How do you make your voice sound breathier?
Term
Open velum
Definition
How do you make your voice sound nasal?
Term
Pull tongue back
Definition
How do you make your voice sound hypernasal?
Term
the lowest freq of a complex wave; we hear it as pitch
Definition
What is the fundamental frequency and how do we "hear" it?
Term
resistance
Definition
If I hit a tuning fork and it starts vibrating -- what makes it stop if I don't grab it and stop it?
Term
Compression; elasticity
Definition
________ moves away from rest to push molecules together - __________ restores the equilibrium -- it doesn't really like to be away from home.
Term
inertia
Definition
Likes to stay at rest until it gets moving, then it just keeps going until someone stops it.
Term
Different amp, same freq
Definition
I hit a tuning fork. It has a period of .001 sec. I hit another tuning fork that is the same size much harder. Will it vibrate at the same frequency, a lower frequency, or a higher frequency?
Term
The first one will top first
Definition
I hit a tuning fork. It has a period of .001 sec. I hit another tuning fork that is the same size much harder. Which tuning fork will stop vibrating first -- the first or second?
Term
voume of air we breathe during quiet breathing in and out during one cycle of respiration
Definition
What is tidal volume -- in respiration?
Term
vital capacity is the air we have available - and we shouldn't use all of it unless we are singers
Definition
Which is considered "available air" for producing speech -- vital capacity or phonation volume?
Term
Breathy
Definition
If I have a high mean flow rate - how might I sound?
Term
VVI
Definition
Which of my measures in respirometry really compares my breathing and my phonation to see if I am efficient?
Term
Right -- I do more work because I am "moving more weight"
Definition
If I whisper do I do as much work as I would if I was phonating?
Term
inverse square law
Definition
How do I estimate how intense a signal will be at different places in a room?
Term
the posterior part of the glottis
Definition
What is the "cartilaginous glottis" ?
Term
no, young women often leave a gap there
Definition
Do we always close the cartilaginous glottis when we produce voice?
Term
Cover body model
Definition
> When we increase pitch, we increase "coupling" of the layers of the vocal folds -- what does that refer to -- what "model"?
Term
the thyroarytenoid muscle
Definition
What makes up the deepest layer of the cover body model?
Term
contraction of the cricothyroid
Definition
What increases the longitudinal tension of the TA muscle?
Term
Bernouilli effect
Definition
Increased velocity through perpendicular bodies -- increases the....
Term
adductors
Definition
Are the interarytenoids adductors or abductors?
Term
the pressure that builds up beneath the closed vocal folds
Definition
What is subglottic pressure?
Term
muscle action trying to hold the vocal folds together
Definition
What is glottal resistance?
Term
Vowels, nasals, voiced sounds, fricatives
Definition
What kind of sounds are quasiperiodic?
Term
The layers give me the complex -- the variations (because I'm not perfect) give me the quasi
Definition
So -- why do they have a quasiperiodic?
Term
loudness; bc it's perceputal
Definition
What is the subjective correlate of intensity? Why do we call it subjunctive instead of objective?
Term
No, bc it's a log and not linear
Definition
Is the difference between 20 dB SPL and 30 dB SPL the same in terms of pressure change as 40 dB and 50 dB?
Term
quasiperiodic 20 db
Definition
If I have a pressure measurement of .002dynes/cm2 - what dB SPL do I have?
Term
damping
Definition
What is the decrease in amplitude due to resistance of the medium called?
Term
no, only intensity
Definition
Does damping affect frequency?
Term
No
Definition
Does a high pitch travel as far as a low pitch ?
Term
water
Definition
Does sound travel faster in water or air?
Term
yes, due to stretching and compacting of the Vfs
Definition
If I sing at a high pitch, am I at higher risk of hurting my vocal folds?
Term
Steel
Definition
Does sound travel more quickly through water or steel?
Term
Incident wave
Definition
A sound wave that is generated, travels a certain distance, nd then hits up against a boundary
Term
Absorption
Definition
The damping of a wave, with diminishing changes in air pressure due to friction
Term
Reflection
Definition
Some portion of the sound that is not transmitted or absorbed bounces back from the surface of the boundary and travels in the opposite direction of the incident wave. The amount of ____ depends on the surface.
Term
More
Definition
A hard, smooth surface will reflect ____ than a soft or rough surface.
Term
interference
Definition
the combining of waves
Term
Doubled
Definition
If the areas of compression and rarefaction of the two waves combine at exactly the same time and the same moment in space, the amplitude of the resulting wave will be ______.
Term
Constructive interference
Definition
When two areas of high pressure combine the resulting pressure is higher still. When two areas of low pressure combine, the pressure is further lowered at that point. This produces greater deviations from normal and therefore increased amplitude of the wave. This is referred to as....
Term
Destructive interference
Definition
If the areas of compression of one of the waves combine at exactly the same time when an area of rarefaction of the other wave, the amplitude of the resulting wave will be decreased, which is known as...
Term
Damped
Definition
If two sound waves with the same exact freq combine such that each compression of one wave is matched exactly with the corresponding rarefaction of the second wave, the resulting sound will be...
Term
phase
Definition
the relative timing of areas of high and low pressure in waves
Term
reverberation
Definition
the sound lasts slightly longer because of interference
Term
simple harmonic motion
Definition
The regular, smooth, back and forth movement with a characteristic pattern of acceleration through the rest position and deceleration at the endpoints of the movement.
Term
periodic and aperiodic
Definition
What are the two types of complex sounds?
Term
Fourier analysis
Definition
How can the harmonics in a complex periodic sound be identified?
Term
transient
Definition
what kind of sounds are the stops? /p/ /t/ /k/
Term
continuous
Definition
what kind of sounds are the fricatives? /f/ /s/ and /h/
Term
combination of periodic and aperiodic complex sound waves
Definition
Voiced stops and fricatives are what kind of sound?
Term
waveform
Definition
graphs that show time along the horizontal axis and amplitude along the vertical axis.
Term
sinusoid
Definition
Smoothly varying shape that tells us that the wave is a pure tone, vibrating in simple harmonic motion.
Term
line spectrum
Definition
Frequency shown is present in a sound at one particular instant of time.
Term
waveform, line spectrum
Definition
The whole cake represents a _____ and one slice of the cake represents the _______.
Term
mels
Definition
what is pitch measured with?
Term
length, mass, tension
Definition
What are the three most important determinants of frequency?
Term
20-20,000 hz
Definition
The range of frequencies the human ear is capable of perceiving.
Term
work
Definition
A push or pull that moves an object a certain distance.
Term
ergs
Definition
What unit is energy measured in?
Term
Intensity
Definition
refers to power (i.e the amount of energy expended in a second) measured over a particular area, usually square meters or square centimeters.
Term
Threshold of hearing
Definition
A sound that indicates the softest sound of a particular time under ideal listening conditions.
Term
intensity
Definition
______ is the square of amplitude.
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