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| an examination of large-scale patterns of society |
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| an examination of small-scale patterns of society |
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| a status that cuts across the other statuses that an individual occupies |
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| all the statuses or positions that an individual occupies |
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| ranking high on some dimensions of social class and low on others; also called status discrepancy |
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| people who have something in common and who believe that what they hae in common is significant; also called a social group |
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| an approach pioneered by Erving Goffman in which social life is analyzed in terms of drama or the stage; also called dramatugical analysis |
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| items used to identify a status |
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| a position that is earned, is accomplished, or involces at least some effort or activity on the individual's part |
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| a position that an individual either inherits at birth or receives involuntarily later in life |
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| a type of society in which life is intimate; a community in which everyone knows everyone else and people share a sense of togetherness |
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| a type of society that is dominated by impersonal relationships, individual accomplishments, and self-interest |
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| social construction of reality |
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| the use of background assumptions and life experiences to define what is real |
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| the study of how people use background assumptions to make sense out of life |
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| conflicts that someone feels 'between' roles because the expectations attached to one role are incompatible with the expectations of another role |
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| conflicts that someone feels 'within' a role |
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| techniques used to salvage a performance that is going sour |
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| people's efforts to control the impressions that others receive of them |
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| the collaboration of two or more people to manage impressions jointly |
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| William I. and Dorothy S. Thomas' classic formulation of the definition of the situation: "If people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences" |
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| Durkheim's term for the unity (a shared consciousness) that people feel as a result of performing the same or similar tasks |
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| Durkheim's term for the interdependence that results from the division of labor; people needing others to fulfill their jobs |
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| a group characterized by intimate, long-term, face-to-face association and cooperation |
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| compared with a primary group, a larger, relatively temporary, more anonymous, formal, and impersonal group based on some interest or activity, whose members are likely to interact on the bases of specific roles |
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| Herbert Hyman's term for the groups we use as standards to evaluate ourselves |
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| a group of people who voluntarily organize on the basis of some mutual interest; also known as voluntary memberships |
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| Robert Michels' term for the tendency of formal organizations to be dominated by a small, self-perpetuating elite |
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| the social ties radiating outward from the self that link people together |
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| a formal organization with a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor; emphasis on written rules, communications, and records; and impersonality of positions |
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| (the) rationalization of society |
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| a widespread acceptance of rationality (using measured, efficient means to reach objectives) and social organizations that are built largely around this idea |
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| the orientations that characterize corporate work settings |
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| groups toward which one feels loyalty |
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| groups toward which one feels antagonism |
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1. Marx's term for workers' lack of connection to the product of their labor; caused by heir being assigned repetitive tasks on a small part of a product- this leads to a sense of powerlessness and normlessness
2. refers to feelings of isolation, that you are not a part of something or that no one cares about you |
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| individuals who interact regularly with one another on the Internet and who think of themselves as belonging together |
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| declared that sociology should be value-free. sociologists' values should not affect research |
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| ways in which people express their leadership |
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| Irving Janis' term for a narrowing of thought by a group of people, leading to the perception that there is only one correct answer, in which to even suggest alternatives becomes a sign of disloyalty |
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| the adoption of new goals by an organization; also known as goal replacement |
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| the McDonaldization of society |
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| the process by which ordinary aspects of life become rationalized and efficiency comes to rule them, including such things as food preparation |
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| the violation of rules or norms |
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| "blemishes" that discredit a person's claim to a "normal" identity |
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| a group's usual and customary social arrangements, on which its members depend and on which they orientate their lives |
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| the system of police, courts, and prisons set up to deal with people who are accused of having committed a crime |
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| crimes such as mugging, rape, and burglary |
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| Edwin Sutherland's term for crimes committed by people of respectable and high social status in the course of their occupations; examples include bribery of public officials, securities violations, embezzlement, false advertising, and price fixing |
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| illegitimate opportunity structure |
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| opportunities for crimes that are woven into the texture of life |
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| approved ways of reaching cultural goals |
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| the idea that two control systems- inner controls and outer controls- work against our tendencies to deviate from norms |
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| the view, developed by symbolic interactionists, that the labels people are given affect their own and others' peceptions of them, thus channeling their behavior either into deviance or into conformity |
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| Edwin Sutherland's term to indicate that associating with some groups results in learning an "excess of definitions" of deviance and, by extension, in a greater likelihood that one will become deviant |
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| crimes committed by executives in order to benefit their corporation |
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| crimes to which more severe penalties are attached because they are motivated by hatred (dislike, hostility) of someone's race-ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, disavility, or national origin |
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| the proportion of released convicts who are rearrested |
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| a group's formal and informal means of enforrcing its norms |
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| medicalization of deviance |
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| to make deviance a medical matter, a symptom of some underlying illnes that needs to be treated by physicians |
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