refers to the biological makeup of people

to be a female: supply eggs

to be male: supply sperm

refers to expected behaviors and dispotions

we expect men and women to be fundamentally different

look, act, think, and have diff interest

sex: biological sex

gender: behaviors made by society

society where men are in control of all the institutions

(basically all societies we know of)

male is the standard norm for everything in society

mens work is given higher status: nursing, secretary

"if men define situations as real, are they real in their consequences" - just men?

women can go as far as middle management in major corp

they make up 2% CEO's and 3% board of directors

men and women work in society

mens work gets better pay

60's - W(62 cents) M($1)

70's - W(76 cents) to M($1)

now, 79 cents, but NOT because paid more, because men making less

Family of origin: family we are born in, primarily consists of our rents and sibs

family of procreation: getting married and having children ourselves

patrilineal: line of decent just figured from father to son

matrilineal: decent mother to daughter

bilineal: both of them

exogamy: rules say we have to marry outside of a certain group (incest)

endogamy: you have to marry in a certain group

phratries: clan/ group divided in 2 (cross marry)

- you can have one spouse

true monogamy: a person can have one spouse only

serial monogamy: only one spouse at a time, but can have on after another / 50% marriages wind up in divorce now

- can have more than one spouse at the same time

polygyny: husband can have more than one wife at the same time (more wives and kids = better social status)

polyandry: women can have more than one husband (rare)

women would stay home and care for children

didnt get education so didnt have job other than being housewives

NOW: most women work and less are having kids

1. childhood
2. adolescence (teen years)
3. young adulthood (late teen - early 30)
4. middle age (late 30-early 50)
5. old age

state of dependence

people provide us with needs and make decisions for us

slowly move into being independent

state of independence

providing own needs and making own decisions

may take care of other dependents (kids)

slip back into dependence

bodies dont work like they used to

need people to take care of them

caretaker might not have time for self

some elders get abused or stolen from

women most likely caretaker (daughter or daughter in law)

care takers might be as old as them and having problems

elderly people have had lifetime to get money

younger people are providing and not as much time

almost ALL wealth is held by 65+

disengangement theory

alternative activities theory

oldest theory: older people disengage from society

retirement (reduced income) / health problems (wear and tear) / restricted activities (both combine to restrict acitivity)

network attrition (network strained, structural functional theory)

2.1 

how many kids woman have to keep pop. constant

decided by: number of births and number of deaths

Cities: Tokyo, mexico, sao paulo, NYC

birthrate (14.4%)

mortality rate (8.8%)

total gross fertility: US (2.1) , Germ (1.4), Japan (1.3)

infant mortality rate: infant deaths per thousand live births

kids are economical, they work and take care of you later on

1. no social security

2. labor market: usually litte or no education

makes economic sense to have less kids

they are costly because jobs require lots of education, so school longer

• (1766- 1834)
• english man, first person recorded to look at population growth
• Population can expand exponential (double in short time), food supply can only grow arithmetically = famine
• people also susceptible to diseases

checks on population

mathus didnt see?

natural disasters, warfare, famine, delay marriage, control population with BC

-reduction of fertility in modern industrial societies (work more, delay kids)

-tech advances to grow more food

low fertility rate [Europe]

most industrialized nations

big mid section than top and botton (top smallest)

fertility rate < replacement rate

fewer and fewer young people

not enough babies to replace pop.

85% spent on last 6 months of life

90% spent on health care services

 this includes the US

slightly broader base

baby boomers after WWII

S.S. = 32 people paying for 1 SS

not enough SS for younger people

SS brings in more money than paid out every year since 1992

rapid growth (developing countries) [Brazil]

shorter and much wider at bottom (kiss)

fertility rate is very high

average age of pop is 15

people at bottom try to provide for all the people

moving OUT

push factors: politics/religion, discrimination, unemployed, natural resources, natural disasters, climate change 

move IN

pull factors: jobs, resources abundant, good climate, political/religious tolerance, abundant economic opportunities

one country to another

most focus on this type of migration

moving from place to place from WITHIN a country

started as 13 colonies (moved west)

leaving rural areas for factory jobs

migration from south to north 1880's (agri to big business)

new mvmnt from north to south (1960)

REASONS: 1. cheaper labor from out of job southerners 2. AC was reasonable now

leads to environmental degradation

job market competition

use resources a lot faster

living prices go up because of demand

more innovation

can charge higher prices

expand economy means more opp for otheres

more people competing for jobs, allows employers to reduce costs

structural mobility: easy to move up ladder because more people so more opp

1. better extraction of resources

2. new occupations

fewer people using up resources

increase wages

less competition in job market

forces globalization because less demand for goods

can lead to depression

France undergoing pop decline (shortage of workers)

have to bring in immigrants

environmental

new tech - computers, cultural diffusion

new ideas - free market capitalism, comm.

economic changes - great depression

population change

war and revolution - create most rapid

social movement - social change outside political system

indigenous/grassroot - start from local social conditions

organized professional - org. from beginning (moral entrepreneurs)

revolutionary - want to overthrow social structure (communism)

reformist - change one part of current social structure

countermovements - every action and equal and opposite (conservative mvmnts) (reactionary - keep old ways)

millenarian - predict end of world

evolutionary theories (social darwinism)

conflict theory and economic determinism (karl marx)

cyclical theory (arnold toynbee)

turbulence and disorganization - all kinds of people trying to do things, disorganized, no goal

organization - get on same page, organize

institutionalization - we accept the social movement into our lives

deteriorization - final stage goes into fracturing and splintering (fight over control) and goal displacement (unsuccessful so change goals but totally different)

goals coincide with broad values of society

demands are specific and focused

demands are negotiable - allow room for change

gain support of influential 3rd parties - media attention, 3rd parties, bring money and public eye

pressure responsible parties without hurting them 

use innovative techniques - authorities not familiar with