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| based on careful and systematic observation, not just conjecture or belief. |
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| specfic inferences are derived from general principles such as sociological theory . Catholic doctrine forbids abortion, so one would guess that catholics answering a servey would NOT support abortion rights. |
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REVERSING THE LOGIC OF DEDUCTIVE RESASONING. ABORTION PROTESTERS OUTSIDE A CLINIC ARE PREDOMINANTLY EVANGELICAL CHRISTIANS THEREFOR THEY MUST HAVE A DOCTRINE FORBIDDING ABORTION. |
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| RESEARCH PROCESS INVOLOIVING SEVERAL STEPS INCLUDING OBSERVATION, HYPOTHESIS TESTING ANALYSIS OF DATA AND GENERALIZATION. |
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| RESEARCH THAT IS REPEATED EXACTLY, BUT ON A DIFFERENT GROUP OF PEOPLE IN A DIFFERENT TIME AND PLACE |
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- OVERALL LOGIC AND STRATEGY UNDERLYING THE RESEARCH -CONSISTS OF CHOOSING THE OBSERVATIONAL TECHNIQUE BEST SUITED TO A RESEARCH QUESTION. |
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| RESEARCH THAT IS LESS STRUCTURED YET FOCUSED ON A QUESTION BEING ASKED. nOT EASILY REDUCED TO NUMBERS. ALLOWS FOR MORE INTERPRETATION AND NUANCES. PROVIDES A MORE IN DEPTH LOOK AT SOCIAL BEHAVIOR. |
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| A PREDICTION. A TENTATIVE ASSUMPTION THAT ONE INTENDS TO TEST |
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| USES ALL STATISTICAL METHODS. VERY NUMBER ORIENTED. |
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| CAN HAVE MORE THAN ONE VALUE OR SCORE |
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INDEPENDENT VARIABLE ( X ) |
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| THE ONE THE RESEACHER WANTS TO TEST AS THE PRESUED CAUSE OF SOMETHING ELSE. |
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| THE ONE UPON WHICH THERE IS A PRESUMED EFFECT |
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INTERVENING VARIABLE ( Z ) |
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| VARIABLES THAT FALL BETWEEN THE INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLES |
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| ANY ABSTRACT CHARACTERISTIC OR ATTRIBUTE THAT CAN BE POTENTIALLY MEASURED. |
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| VARIABLES THAT POINT TO OR REFLECT THE ABSTRACT CONCEPT |
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| THE DEGREE TO WHICH THE INDICATOR ACCURATELY MEASURES OR REFLECTS A CONCEPT |
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| PROCESS BY WHICH SOCIOLOGISTS ORGANIZE COLLECTED DATA TO DISCOVER THE PATTERNS AND UNIFORMITIES THAT THE DATA REVEAL |
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| THE ABILITY TO DRAW CONCLUSIONS FROM SPECIFIC DATA AND APPLY THEM TO A BROADER POPULATION. |
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TYPE OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH WHERE THE SOCIOLOGIST BECOMES PART OF THE GROUP THEY ARE STUDYING. ALSO REFERRED TO AS FIELD RESEARCH |
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INFORMANT AND CONTROLLED EXPERIMENTS |
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THE PERSON WITH WHOM THE PARTICIPANT OBSERVER WORKS CLOSELY TO LEARN ABOUT THE GROUPS HIGHLY FOCUSED WAYS OF COLLECTING DATA AND ARE ESPECIALLY USEFUL FOR DETERMINING A PATTERN OF CAUSE AND EFFECT. |
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| WAY OF USING CULTURAL ARTIFACTS TO MEASURE WHAT PEOPLE WRITE SAY SEE AND HEAR. STUDIES not PEOPLE BUT THE WAY COMMUNICATIONS OR DOCUMENTS THEY PRODUCE AS A WAY OF CREATING A PICTURE OF THE SOCIETY. FREWUENTLY USED TO MEASURE CULTURAL CHANGE. |
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EXAMINES SOCIOLOGICAL THEMES OVER TIME. COMMONLY DONE IN HISTORICAL ARCHIVES, CHURCH RECORDS , OFFICIAL RECORDS ETC. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE |
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EVALUATION RESEARCH AND POLICY RESEARCH |
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- ASSESSES THE EFFECT OF POLICIES AND PROGRAMS ON PEOPLE IN SOCIETY - RESEARCH THAT IS INTENDED TO PRODUCE POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS |
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| THE AIM IS TO EVALUATE THE SALES POTENTIAL OF SOME PRODUCT OR SERVICE |
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| THE LIKELIHOOD THAT A SPECIFIC BEHAVIOR OR EVENT WILL OCCUR |
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- ANY SUBSET OF A POPULATION -LARGE COLLECTION OF PEOPLE THAT A RESEARCHER STUDIES AND ABOUT WHICH GENERALIZATIONS ARE MADE |
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| EVERYONE FROM THE POPULATION IS GIVEN AN EQUAL CHANCE OF BEING SELECTED FROM THE POPULATION TO BE IN THE SAMPLE. |
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PERCENTAGE RATE MEAN MEDIAN |
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-PARTS PER HUNDRED -PARTS PER SOME NUMBER -SAME AS AN AVERAGE -MIDPOINT IN A SERIES OF VALUES ARRANGED IN NUMERICAL ORDER |
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| THE VALUE OR SCORE THAT APPEARS MOST FREQUENTLY IN A SET OF DATA. |
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CORRELATION AND CROSS TABULATION |
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-WIDELY USED TECHNIQUE FOR ANALYZING THE PATTERNS OF ASSOCIATION BETWEEN VARIABLES LIKE INCOE AND EDUCATION. -DATA ARE BROKEN DOWN INTO SUBSETS FOR COMPARISON |
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| COMPLEX SYSTEM OF MEANING AND BEHAVIORS THAT DEFINES THE WAY OF LIFE FOR A GIVEN GROUP OR SOCIETY |
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MATERIAL CULTURE AND NONMATERIAL CULTURE |
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-CONSISTS OF THE OBJECTS CREATED IN A GIVEN SOCIETY. THE TANGIBLE OBJECTS. -CONSISTS OF THE NORMS, LAWS, CUSTOMS, IDEAS AND BELIEFS OF A GROUP OF PEOPLE. |
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| 5 CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE |
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Definition
1.IT IS SHARED - HAS SIGNIFICANCE BECAUSE PEOPLE HOLD IT IN COMMON 2.IT IS LEARNED EITHER BY DIRECT INSTRUCTION OF INDIRECTLY THROUGH OBSERVATION 3. IT IS TAKEN FOR GRANTED 4. IT IS SYMBOLIC SUCH AS THE FLAG IS A SYMBOL OF FREEDOM FOR US, BUT OF IMERIALISM TO THE IRAQIS 5.IT VARIES ACROSS TIME AND PLACE |
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THE IDEA THAT SOMETHING CAN BE UNDERSTOOD AND JUDGED ONLY IN RELATIONSHIP TO THE CULTURAL CONTEXT IN WHICH IT APPEARS. I.E. CLITORIDECTOMY IN AFRICA |
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1.LANGUAGE-A SET OF SYMBOLS AND RULES THAT WHEN PUT TOGETHER CREATE A COMPLEX COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 2.NORMS-SPECIFIC CULTURAL EXPECTATIONS FOR HOW TO BEHAVE IN A GIVEN SITUATION 2A.FOLKWAYS-GENERAL STANDARDS OF BEHAVIORS ADHERED TO BY A GROUP 2B.MORES-STRICTER THAN FOLKWAYS. OFTEN UPHELD BY LAWS. RIGHT AND WRONG OF SOCIETY 3.BELIEFS-BASIS FOR CULTURES NORMS AND VALUES. THEY ARE SHARED IDEAS HELD COLLECTIVELY 4.VALUES-ABSTRACT STANDARDS IN A SOCIETY OR GROUP THAT DEFINE THE IDEA PRINCIPLES OF WHAT IS DESIREABLE AND MORALLY CORRECT. |
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DOMINANT CULTURE SUBCULTURE COUNTERCULTURE ETHNOCENTRISM |
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-CULTURE OF THE MOST POWERFUL GROUP IN SOCIETY -CULTURE OF GROUPS WHOSE VALUES AND NORMS OF BEHAVIOR DIFFER FROM THOSE OF THE DOMINANT CULTURE -SUBCULTURES CREATED AS A REACTION AGAINST THE VALUES OF THE DOMINANT CULTURE -HABIT OF SEEING THINGS FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF ONES OWN GROUP |
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GLOBAL CULTURE AND POPULAR CULTURE |
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- THE DIFFUSION OF A SINGLE CULTURE THROUGHOUT THE WORLD - COMPRISES THE BELIEFS, PRACTICES AND OBJECTS THAT ARE PART OF EVERYDAY TRADITIONS |
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REFLECTION HYPOTHESIS AND CULTURAL HEGEMONY AND CULTURAL CAPITAL |
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-CONTENDS THAT THE MASS MEDIA REFLECT THE VALUES OF THE GENERAL POPULATION -REFERS TO THE CONCENTRATION OF CULTURAL POWER. DEFINED AS THE PERVASIVE AND EXCESSIVE INFLUENCE OF ONE CULTURE THROUGHOUT SOCIETY - REFERS TO CULTURAL RESOURCES THAT ARE SOCIALLY DESIGNATED AS WORTHY AND GIVES ADVANTAGES TO GROUPS POSSESING SUCH CAPITAL |
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NEW CULTURAL STUDIES AND POSTMODERNIST THEORY |
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-ARGUES THAT THE HAS OVEREMPHASIZED THE NONMATERIAL CULTURE OF IDEAS BELIEFS VALUES AND NORMS.,ATERIAL CULTURE HAS INCREASING IMPORTANCE IN MODERN SOCIETY. -BASED ON THE IDEA THAT SOCIETY IS NOT AN OBJECTIVE THING. SOCIETY IS FOUND IN THE WORDS AND IMAGES THAT PEOPLEUSE TO REPRESENT BEHAVIOR AND IDEAS. |
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CULTURE LAG AND CULTURE SHOCK |
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-REFERS TO THE DELAY IN CULTURAL ADJUSTMENTS TO CHANGING SOCIAL CONDITIONS - THE FEELING OF DISORIENTATION THAT CAN OCCUR WHEN ONE ENCOUNTERS A NEW OR RAPIDLY CHANGING CULTURAL SITUATION |
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| SOURCES OF CULTURAL CHANGE |
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-CHANGE IN RESPONSE TO CHANGED CONDITIONS IN THE SOCIETY EITHER ECONOMICALLY, POLITICALLY ETC. -CHANGE THROUGH CULTURAL DIFFUSION WHICH IS THE TRANSMISSION OF CULTURAL ELEMENTS FROM ONE SOCIETY TO ANOTHER -CHANGE AS A RESULT OF INNOVATION SUCH AS NEW KNOWLEDGE OR NEW TECHNOLOGY. |
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