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Definition
| European theorist Emile Durkheim's term for the glue that holds a society together through shared beliefs, values, and traditions |
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| Emile Durkheim's term for social coherence based on division of labor, with each member playing a highly specialized role in the society and each person being dependent on others due to interrelated interdependent tasks |
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| Hunter-gatherer Societies |
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| Society in which people rely directly on plants and animals in their habitat to live |
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| Society in which the food-producing strategy is based on the society's domestication of animals whose care is the central focus of their activities |
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| Societies in which the food-producing strategy is based on domestication of plants, using digging sticks and wooden hoes to cultivate small gardens |
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| Societies that rely primarily on raising crops for food and make use of technological advances such as the plow, irrigation, animals, and fertilization to continuously cultivate the same land |
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| Societies that rely primarily on mechanized production for subsistence, resulting in greater division of labor based on expertise. |
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| Knowledge and tools used to extend human abilities |
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| Societies that have moved from human labor and manufacturing to automated production and service jobs, largely processing information |
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| The tendency to view one's own group and its cultural expectations as right, proper, and superior to others |
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| A view that requires setting aside cultural and personal beliefs and prejudices to understand another group or society through the eyes of a member of that group |
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| Includes all the objects we can see or touch |
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| The thoughts, language, feelings, beliefs, values, and attitudes that make up much of our culture |
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| Practices, beliefs, and values that are regarded as most desirable and are consciously taught to children |
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| The way things in society are actually done |
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| Shared judgments about what is desirable or undesirable, right or wrong, good or bad |
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| Ideas about life, the way society works, and where one fits in |
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| Rules of behavior shared by members of a society and rooted in the value system |
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| Customs or desirable behaviors, but are not strictly enforced |
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| Norms that most people observe because they have great moral significance in a society |
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| Norms that most people observe because they have great moral significance in a society |
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| Strongest form of mores concerning actions considered unthinkable or unspeakable in the culture |
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| Norms that have been formally encoded by those holding political power in society |
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| Reinforce norms through rewards and penalties |
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| Linguistic Relativity Theory |
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| People who speak a specific language make interpretations of their reality |
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| When the culture affects only a small segment of one's life, affecting a portion of one's week or influencing a limited time period in one's life |
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| A way of life in a social unit or group that is smaller than the nation but large enough to sustain people throughout the life span |
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| A group with expectations and values that contrast sharply with the dominant values of a particular society |
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| The process by which the entire world is becoming a single interdependent entity--more uniform, more integrated, and more independent |
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| Behavioral standards, symbols, values, and material objects that have become common across the globe |
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| The lifelong process of learning to become a member of the social world |
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| A reflective process that develops our self based on our interpretations and internalization of the reactions of others to us |
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| A process by which individuals take others into account by imagining themselves in the position of others |
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| The spontaneous, unpredictable, impulsive, and largely unorganized aspect of the self |
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| Child under three years old is preparing for role-taking by observing others and imitating their behaviors, sounds, and gestures |
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| The stage in developing the self when a child develops the ability to take a role from the perspective of one person at a time |
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| Parents, guardians, relatives, siblings, or important individuals whose primary and sustained interactions with the individual are especially influential |
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| Stage in the process of developing a social self when a child develops the ability to take the role of multiple others concurrently and conform to societal expectations |
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| The process of shedding one or more positions and taking on others |
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| An institution in which a group of people is bureaucratically processed, physically isolated from the outside world, and scheduled for all activities |
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| The transmitters of culture; the people, organizations, and institutions that teach us how to thrive in our social world |
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| Formal Agents of Socialization |
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Definition
| Socialization by official or legal agents by which the individual learns the values, beliefs, and behaviors of the culture |
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| Informal Agents of Socialization |
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| Unofficial forces that shape values, beliefs, and behaviors in which socialization is not the express purpose |
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| An individual ora family that has national loyalty to more than one country |
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| Ideas that are so completely taken for granted that they have never been seriously questioned and seem to be sensible to any reasonable person |
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| The recognition of the complex and interactive relationship between micro-level individual experiences and macro-level public issues |
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| Social groups from the largest to the smallest continuum |
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| Levels of analysis representing an interconnected series of small groups |
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| Interconnected parts of the social world ranging from small groups to societies |
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| The stable patterns of interactions, statuses, roles, and institutions that provide stability for the society and bring order to individuals' lives |
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| Social units in societies through which organized social activities take place that provide the rules, roles, and relationships set up to meet human needs and direct and control human behavior |
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| Includes a population of people usually living within a specified geographic area, who are connected by common ideas and are subject to a particular political authority |
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| Analysis with a focus on individual or small-group interaction in specific situations |
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| Analysis of intermediate-sized social units, smaller than the nation but large enough to encompass more than the local community or region |
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| Analysis of the largest social units in the social world, including entire nations, global forces, and international social trends |
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| Collection of facts and observations that can be objectively observed and carefully measured using the five senses |
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| Facts and information that are confirmed through systematic processes of testing, using the five senses |
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| Steps taken to use methods that do not contaminate one's findings and that limit the impact of the researcher's opinions or biases on the study being planned, data collection, and analysis of evidence about the social world |
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| Statements or explanations of how two or more facts about the social world are related to each other |
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| Symbolic Interaction Theory |
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| Sees humans as active agents who create shared meanings of symbols and events and then interact on the basis of those meanings |
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| A theory that focuses on humans as fundamentally concerned with self-interests, making rational decisions based on weighing costs and rewards of the projected outcome |
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| Structural-Functionalist Theory |
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| A theory that assumes that all parts of the social structure, culture, and social processes work together to make the whole society run smoothly and harmoniously |
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| Unplanned and unintended consequences of actions or of social structures |
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| Functions or tasks that are the planned outcomes of social patterns or institutions |
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| Capitalist exploiters who own the means of production |
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| The exploited workers who do not own the means of production and sell their labor to survive |
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| Deep empathetic understanding |
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Term
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Definition
| Combines two or more methods of data collection to enhance the accuracy of the findings |
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| Engaging in a behavior because of a societal value *saving person drowning on private property* |
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| Traditional Social Action |
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| Engage in action because you always do |
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| Engage in action because of your emotional behavior |
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| Select a goal and deliberately pick an effective path to get there *means/ends* |
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